Dr. Jill Carnahan discusses her Unexpected Health Challenges with Dr. Ben Weitz.

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Podcast Highlights

1:40  Breast cancer.  Dr. Carnahan has faced a number of personal health challenges in her life, including a battle with breast cancer while she was in medical school.  During her third year of medical school she was taught how to do a breast exam and she performed one on herself and she found a lump. At first she didn’t think it was serious, but she had a mammogram and an ultrasound and she was getting suspicious looking at the images, but the radiologist blew her off and told her that since she was 24 years old that it was no big deal.  Jill went on to have surgery and the surgeon told her that it was very aggressive ductal carcinoma and that she was in the fight for her life. 

6:41  Dr. Carnahan then went through a very aggressive, very toxic, 3 drug chemotherapy regimen. One of the drugs she was given is very toxic for the heart and she was given a dosage just slightly less than that amount.  She lost all of her hair, affected her skin, and she had massive  gut symptoms.  Dr. Carnahan admits that she did go against the recommendations of her oncologist not to take any antioxidants, but she knew intuitively that taking a few antioxidants was better for her body.  After the chemo she had radiation and then multiple surgeries. Eventually she was considered cured of cancer.  Then nine months later she started having cyclical fevers, diarrhea, abdominal pain and she was not allowed to call in sick, even working at the hospital.  She passed out one day while working in the emergency room and was taken to emergency surgery for a cyst in her intestines and she was diagnosed as having Crohn’s disease. 

 

 



Dr. Jill Carnahan is an MD who runs the Flatiron Functional Medicine clinic in Louisville, Colorado.  Dr. Carnahan is one of the first 100 doctors certified by the Institute of Functional Medicine.  Dr. Carnahan is a popular inspirational speaker and writer and she often teaches other health care practitioners the Functional Medicine approach.  Dr. Carnahan has written a new book, Unexpected, Finding Resilience through Functional Medicine, Science, and Faith.  She can be contacted through her website, JillCarnahan.com.

Dr. Ben Weitz is available for Functional Nutrition consultations specializing in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders like IBS/SIBO and Reflux and also Cardiometabolic Risk Factors like elevated lipids, high blood sugar, and high blood pressure.  Dr. Weitz has also successfully helped many patients with managing their weight and improving their athletic performance, as well as sports chiropractic work by calling his Santa Monica office 310-395-3111. Dr. Weitz is also available for video or phone consultations.

 



 

Podcast Transcript

Dr. Weitz:                            Hey, this is Dr. Ben Weitz, host of the Rational Wellness Podcast. I talk to the leading health and nutrition experts and researchers in the field, to bring you the latest in cutting-edge health information. Subscribe to the Rational Wellness Podcast for weekly updates, and to learn more, check out my website, DrWeitz.com.

Thanks for joining me, and let’s jump into the podcast. Hello, Rational Wellness Podcasters. Today, we’ll be having another discussion with Dr. Jill Carnahan, one of the most important voices in the functional medicine world, who has a wonderful new book, Unexpected: Finding Resilience Through Functional Medicine, Science and Faith.  This book documents Jill’s personal and professional journey through life and how she’s been able to overcome the most severe health challenges, as well as her professional and personal journey. Dr. Jill is a survivor of breast cancer, Crohn’s disease, and mold toxicity. Dr. Carnahan also has a documentary coming out called Doctor/Patient based on her life story.

Dr. Jill Carnahan is an MD who runs the Flatiron Functional Medicine Clinic in Louisville, Colorado. Dr. Carnahan is one of the first 100 doctors certified by the Institute of Functional Medicine. Dr. Carnahan is a popular, inspirational speaker and writer, and she often teaches other healthcare practitioners the functional medicine approach. Jill, thank you so much for joining us.

Dr. Carnahan:                    You’re welcome. I’m excited to be here.

Dr. Weitz:                          Excellent. I am too. Please tell us a bit about your life journey and some of the challenges you have faced, starting with perhaps overcoming breast cancer while you were in medical school.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, so it’s interesting because we know the healer’s journey. I think I was born a healer and I didn’t really know it. I do remember very young wanting to go into some kind of helping space. I never in a million years thought I could be a doctor, that was not even in the vocabulary. I grew up on a farm with farmers.  Now, my brothers are engineers, so definitely educated, but medicine was not in my family, so it was accidental. Interestingly, I grew up with a chiropractor as my primary doctor. My mother was a retired nurse. She retired to be on the farm and raise the five of us children. She actually was told that she wouldn’t have any children, and then all of a sudden, she has five over 10 years of a period.  As a retired nurse, she definitely would, before we’d go to the doctor, she’d try maybe an herbal remedy or she’d take us to the chiropractor and we went to doctors. But we definitely had an idea growing up that food was medicine. That there were ways to start to maybe soothe the fever versus just run to the doctor, so I had that built into my genetics and DNA.

I literally looked at acupuncture school, chiropractic school, all the other traditions. Then right around that same time, I realized, “You know what? Maybe I should go into medicine.” It was literally my childhood chiropractor who said, “Jill, I think you should go into medicine because you could actually make more of a difference.”  As we know, I have the greatest respect for my friends who are chiropractors and naturopaths because I learn so much from them. With this mindset, I literally was like, “Well, maybe I can go into medicine and infiltrate and learn the system that right now is just the best reimbursed.” It’s not better, and then actually make some changes from the inside out.

I’m so glad that I did because I really got to look at this system from a very objective view and say, “What’s good?” Yeah. If you have a heart attack or a stroke or a car accident, you want to be in a major medical center. But if you are really in a chronic illness, some of these complex, chronic things that you and I see all the time.

Mold-related illness, chronic infections like Lyme, autoimmunity, brain inflammation, dementia, diabetes, obesity, there’s no drug that cures that, and there’s usually no surgery that cures that, this bigger perspective. And so back even in the midst of medical school, I was making changes. I went to Loyola University, and it was the first group that I created for medical students for integrative medicine.

We started actually bringing in other practitioners in getting exposure to that in medical school, so that’s the foundation. Then during medical school, all of a sudden in my third year during my surgical rotation, we’re taught about breast exams and I do a breast exam, and I find a lump. Now actually I was 24 at that time, I wasn’t even yet 25. I thought, “No big deal. I don’t even have time for this.”

I did not think it was serious, but my husband at the time was insistent that I get it checked out. I had a mammogram and an ultrasound, and I started realizing by sitting with that radiologist to see the actual images, he was very concerned, but he blew it off. He said, “You’re 24. 24-year-olds don’t get cancer, but the findings here look very suspicious.”

There’s calcifications, there’s things that are changing that if you were 55, I’d be highly suspicious. I knew at that point there might be something going on. Went on to have surgery, and I get a call from the oncologist just a few days after surgery and she said, “Jill, I don’t know how to tell you this. You have invasive ductal carcinoma, which is breast cancer, very aggressive.”

The cells are some of the most aggressive I’ve seen, which is classic in a younger person. You’re in for the fight of your life. You know those times in your life when you’re like the World Trade Centers, or a death of your father or mother, or someone you love? There’s those times in your life, where you’re sitting somewhere or you’re in a place and you never ever forget.

That moment is totally etched in your memory. The chair you’re sitting on, the color of the wallpaper, maybe a song that was playing. That was one of those times for me that looking back, it was an absolute transformation in my life and it was for my good, but at the moment, it sure didn’t feel like it. I got this diagnosis of cancer. You hear the word cancer and your life just stops in a way, as far as what does this mean?

I didn’t know at that moment. Now I’m 20 plus years out, and doing well and free of cancer, but at that moment you don’t know. I say this because I know a lot of your listeners probably have dealt with those kinds of conditions or diagnoses. Or it might be something for your child or your parents or someone you love, and you hear these words, whether it’s cancer or some autoimmune disease or incurable dementia, or whatever those things are.  It really does shift and change our perspective. What happened all of a sudden for me, was I went into a whole different realm of education. It was the most scary, but the most profound education, and far greater on the impact of my career and my practice than any medical textbook.

Dr. Weitz:                            Great. Then you had another really significant health challenge that may have been partially related to the treatments you had for your breast cancer, which was Crohn’s disease.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. I get through, so ended up having three-drug chemotherapy, some of the most aggressive drugs on the planet because I was young and they wanted me to survive.  Literally, one of the drugs was I went right to the toxic dose for your heart, that if I would’ve gotten 10 MLs more of that, it would’ve stopped my heart from beating.  Very, very toxic chemotherapy, lost all my hair. Had massive, massive issues. Of course, in my gut, every rapidly dividing cell in my body was affected. This is where the Crohn’s comes in.

Dr. Weitz:                            By the way, were you using some integrative approaches at the same time as well?

Dr. Carnahan:                    I was. My oncologist said, “Don’t even take vitamin C.” I was like, “Screw that, I’m going to.” Now, I don’t advise patients to go against their oncologist. I’m always very, very careful. You need to be talk to them and decide. But I always do encourage people to trust their intuition because sometimes we know. I knew taking a few antioxidants, even though it’s not recommended, was better for my body and I did.  I saw a naturopath, I had a prayer group praying for me. I had lots of friends and family. I had all kinds of things that were not traditional medicine, and they were really powerful. This three-drug chemotherapy really destroyed my gut, my skin, a lot of things. I had radiation after that and then multiple surgeries. I get through all this and I’m considered cured of cancer.

It was about nine months later, and all of a sudden, I started having cyclical fevers, diarrhea, abdominal pain. I just literally, I had been out of school for nine months, was back in rotations, and I didn’t want to complain. I grew up on a farm where you’re tough, you don’t complain. I don’t know if your training was like this, but for us in medical school, unless you were dead or hospitalized with a fever, you reported to work.  Now post-COVID, we don’t do that anymore, but back in the day when you were sick, you didn’t call in sick. You weren’t allowed to have, it just wasn’t acceptable. I went to work with these fevers. I didn’t tell anyone until one day, about three or four months into it, I literally passed out in the ER. I was taking a patient’s blood pressure. I was rushed into the hospital that night and they found an abscess.  Went to surgery, emergency surgery overnight. I never forget getting out of the surgery, waking up from anesthesia. The surgeon came to talk to me and he said, “Jill, there’s no doubt in my mind this is Crohn’s disease.” Here I am in the hospital bed just working the day before. I’m like, “What in the world? I just got through cancer.” But as you mentioned, it makes so much sense because toxic chemo drugs, again, I have no regrets.

I want to state that clearly. I think it saved my life and I chose very deliberately. I think when we make those choices, the worst thing we can do is go back and say, “Well, what if I wouldn’t have done that?” I never do that. It was toxic, but I chose that and I accepted that. But that toxicity damaged rapidly dividing cells, including those on the lining of my gut. What happened was it created more intestinal permeability.  This leakage of the contents of your gut go into the bloodstream and create an inflammatory effect. I have a genetic predisposition towards Crohn’s. That means that if I get those little lipopolysaccharides, the bacterial coatings going into my immune system, my body reacts more aggressively. This was how I developed Crohn’s because my body’s like, “Wait, what are these things doing in the blood?”  Started an inflammatory reaction that actually innocent bystander attack the gut lining, causes granulomas, abscesses and damage, and then there’s Crohn’s disease.

Dr. Weitz:                          What was that genetic difference that made you more prone to Crohn’s?

Dr. Carnahan:                    It’s called NOD2.

Dr. Weitz:                          Okay.

Dr. Carnahan:                    It’s a SNP, of course, that’s higher risk for Crohn’s. Later, I was like, “Oh, no wonder.” The literal description is abnormally robust response to a normal microbiome, so that makes sense.  My response, my immune response, my TNF-alpha, my IL-6, my IL-2, was probably 2, 3, 4, 10 times the average for normal microbial interloper, that got through the barrier and then developed Crohn’s.

Dr. Weitz:                          Did you treat the Crohn’s?

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. Part of my story is I go to the gastroenterologist, I’m like, “What do I have? What do I do about this?” He says, “This is lifelong. It’s incurable.” He’s very depressing. You’re going to need steroids right now. You probably should be on steroids. You’re going to need immune-modulating drugs. You’re probably going to need surgery to take out part of your colon over your lifetime.

This is permanent and very depressing. I remember leaving that office and saying one thing. I said, “You know what? I want to do whatever I can, and I know that there’s other things that might help. Does diet have anything to do with this?” He did not even pause, he said, “Jill, that has nothing to do with this.” That was again, where I had to trust my intuition, because I was just a mere third-year medical student.

I didn’t really know a lot. I knew my limitations, but I’m like, “That doesn’t feel right. How couldn’t diet not have anything to do with this?” Then my Swiss German stubbornness kicked in. I was like, “Screw that. I’m going to figure this out.” I went to the library and started looking. I came across this specific carbohydrate diet, which Elaine Gottschall made famous in her book, Breaking the Vicious Cycle.

I was like, “Gosh, what do I have to lose? I might as well try this.” Well, I think there was a couple of things. I think that diet really does work. It’s one of the first things I do for patients with Crohn’s and colitis, because it takes out certain disaccharides and monosaccharides that feed SIBO. Now we know, “Okay, there’s an underlying piece here.”

You’re clearing out the excess bacteria that’s triggering that abnormal immune response by the dietary changes. Within two weeks of changing my diet, I had no more fevers. I had no more pain. Now, it took me years to really feel cured from Crohn’s, because I worked on the microbiome over the next several years, but I knew within two weeks that this was powerful in the healing process.

Dr. Weitz:                            Well, the gastrointestinal field hasn’t really changed that much.  For the most part, gastroenterologists don’t often prescribe changes in diet for most gastrointestinal conditions even in 2023.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yes, sadly. I just literally, as I’m teaching this in lectures and stuff, pulled, I think it was 2022, an article where they started to say, “Well, maybe there’s something to do.” But it was still like there’s not enough evidence. The thing is, as you and I know, there’s interventions that can be really dangerous.   Some of these really, really toxic drugs like to say, “This has benefit.” You really need to have the evidence. But for things like changing your diet and getting rid of sugar or processed foods or adding a little vitamin C, if the benefit has great potential, even if we don’t have great data and the risk is very low, there’s no reason we shouldn’t move forward.

Dr. Weitz:                            Absolutely. On the other hand, traditional or the current, state-of-the-art treatments for Crohn’s disease, is to give you drugs that block your immune system.  We obviously learned the last few years how significant that can be, not having a healthy, functioning immune system.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, so critical. Like you said, people don’t think about those side effects. It’s literally, if you look at the drug warnings of HUMIRA and all the new TNF-alpha blockers and other meds directed towards blocking certain cytokines that contribute to Crohn’s. First of all, I will say there’s some people that are so sick, that those do really save their lives.  I have a lot of people who come in on those drugs and I never say, “Stop the drug.” I go to the root cause and give them time, even up to years, to reverse that. I want to mention that if you’re on the drugs, don’t stop the drugs. They might be saving your life, but like you said, what happens is that’s not the root cause. The literally warning label in the medical literature is don’t take if you have TB.

Don’t take if you have fungal infections, don’t take if you have any opportunistic viral infections. Guess what I’ve found? In Crohn’s disease, one of the markers they do in Labcorp that’s a predictive panel for the aggressiveness of Crohn’s, is a panel of anti-carbohydrate, anti-Candida, anti-Saccharomyces antibodies.  I found one of the biggest things that changes the progression of Crohn’s and colitis, is seeing if there’s a fungal burden. I would guess in my clinical practice, 80% of the patients that come in with Crohn’s or colitis have a fungal burden. Why would you put them on something that blocks their ability to take care of that fungus?

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting. That’s fascinating. How do you test for fungus? Because fungus is tricky. It doesn’t always come up on stool tests and a lot of us are using organic acids.

Dr. Carnahan:                    I’m so glad you asked that. I love teaching about this because I think this is actually you’re getting to the heart of my Crohn’s. My remission was absolutely maybe 80% based on me clearing S-I-F-O, small intestinal fungal overgrowth. I think from a child, I had a more weakened immune system, and I have some other mitochondria defects that caused me to have more trouble fighting yeast.  I think for me, that was a huge player in the development of Crohn’s. Me treating, over the last 20 years that fungal burden, has been the absolute number one thing that has brought me into not only remission but cure. How do you test? This is really important because a lot of functional docs, they start with a stool test and they don’t see it. They’re like, “Okay, no fungus.”

Just like you said, it’s very low sensitivity. If you have fungus in the colon, which is actually, usually in the small bowel, not the colon. It might even be in the stomach or duodenum, and even in the mouth, esophagus, it may be way up high in the gut. On the stool test, you may not see it. If you do see it, you might see it as one plus Candida, and it says green.  The testing company will be like, “Oh, it’s no big deal.” I treat anyone who has yeast in the stool, even if it’s one plus small levels, and they have symptoms, so symptoms plus. You mentioned organic acids. That’s one of my favorite ways to test. Raffinose is really, really common on all organic acids, and a lot of our test companies have a lot more. The one I use has, I think, nine markers of yeast and fungus so I look at that very carefully.

Dr. Weitz:                            Which test is that?

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, I like the Mosaic OAT. It’s the Great Plains formerly.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, okay.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. Very, very detailed for these yeast markers. You can also see if you see oxalates elevated in the urine. Oxalates are made by mold and yeast, so they’re coming from that source unless you just have a massive oxalate load in your diet. So often if you see both a raffinose and oxalates, you’re like, “Oh, there’s a fungal burden here.” Now, a third test you can do that is also sensitive and specific, is Candida IgG, IgM and IgA.  You can do that on Labcorp or Quest or any standard lab. A lot of docs are like, “Oh well, that’s like IgG for Candida. That just means past exposure.” The truth is this, IgG develops when something crosses over from the gut lumen to the bloodstream. Unless you have exposure in the blood to Candida, you’re not going to develop an IgG antibody. The only way you can get that is through a permeable gut and a load of Candida.  I do see those markers go down as we treat. Again, this is my clinical experience, but I am treating if I have elevated IgG or IgA levels. IgM is less common because that’s an acute one, but that’s real important as well.

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting. Yeah. Ilana Guervich, she was talking about using that test as well.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, it’s wonderful. One of my favorites.

Dr. Weitz:                            I’m going to have to add that. Your third major health challenge was your experience with mold toxicity.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. Okay, I get through cancer and Crohn’s. I graduated from medical school a year late because I took time for medical treatment, and I’m out and practicing. Now, it took me a while and the chemo was hard on my body. I started growing my hair back. By the time, maybe six, seven years out, I was running marathons, hiking, skiing, very healthy and robust, and I felt like I had recovered.  Interesting, I don’t always talk a lot about this. The chemo actually caused me to be amenorrheic, almost menopausal for two years. For a while, I thought I was going to be permanently menopausal. At 25, my cycles came back and everything was working. I moved out to Colorado and started my practice here as a functional medicine consultant, and was doing fine. Then 2013, there was a massive flood in Boulder.  Now sadly, we’re hearing this all over the world, and I think about the mold effects of these floods and hurricanes, but we have this massive flood. My office already had some issues. It was an older building and the basement flooded. Now I look back and it makes so much sense. Sorry, I was on the second floor over an unfinished crawlspace that was a standing water.  My actual office itself, we had had a contractor come in and make it really beautiful, and they just decided to put beautiful, new bamboo flooring over old 20-year-old carpet, like duh.

Dr. Weitz:                            Horrible.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Then under my office was this unfinished crawlspace. In the basement, two stories down, was like bulk Stachybotrys black mold. When we had that water damage come in, it just accentuated all of that stuff that was already happening in that building. What I started feeling was exhaustion, red, irritated eyes, I had rashes from the histamine, I had brain fog.

I had frequent infections, so a weakened immune system. I got really, really sick. It’s funny because back then I knew mold could be a cause, but this is where I have a lot of compassion for patients because I was in denial. I did not want to know that mold was an issue because that meant my workplace, my car, my home, something would be affected.

Finally though, I got so sick I had to do something about it. I checked urinary mycotoxins and then I also did an inspection in the basement. I found that the match there was I had trichothecenes, which are black Stachybotrys toxins in the urine. Then I also saw the bulk sample came back. Dr. Weitz, when I found that out, I literally never again set foot in that office.  I left, I started over. It took a while to heal, but I had to become the expert just so that I could heal myself.

Dr. Weitz:                            Wow, that’s a lot to go through.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, I guess that’s why I said now I look back, I’m like, “Oh duh, the healer. That’s the soul’s journey as a healer is to learn.” Now it’s funny because looking back, these were hard things. Anyone who’s going through cancer or Crohn’s or any of those things can be difficult, but what happens during it is the development of deep compassion is unparalleled.

For me to be able to sit in that patient’s shoes and really understand where they’ve been, I have a deepest, deepest compassion. I also, there’s little, tiny things like cancer and Crohn’s connection, and even in the chemo treatment. Then the connection between Candida and Crohn’s and all these things, I would’ve never, there’s no medical textbook that’s teaching that.  Putting together the pieces of the puzzle to take patients to another level on this journey with functional integrated medicine, there were so many things I learned through my own experience, that I could have never gotten in a book.

Dr. Weitz:                            The connection between fungal overgrowth and mold, I treat a lot of patients for mold toxicity and mycotoxins.  We often see that they also have fungal overgrowth, which seems to go hand in hand with the mold toxicity.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Now I look back, I’ll tell you something I’ve just been talking about very recently, it’s not even in the book, is I grew up on a farm, lots of corn and soybeans. Corn is known to be contaminated with a mold called Fusarium. Fusarium, I just read the research just this year, massively correlated with cancers and development.  I look back, and again, I think the pesticides and lots of other things on the farm were contributory to my development of cancer at a early age. Many of them are endocrine disruptors. But this new bit of data on Fusarium made me go, “Oh, I wonder if mold was at the root all along, or at least one of the players?”

Dr. Weitz:                            Well, when you think about all the toxic chemicals, now you’re talking about mold, it’s surprising that anybody who lives on a farm, lives very long.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Honestly, you’re right. I look back and I look at my mother, she was so resilient and lovely and a great mother, but she was tired a lot. If I look back, she probably would’ve had chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, migraines.  I think, as I tell my story, I think that in utero, she probably had a massive toxic load, but I even got some of that in utero through my mother’s placenta.

Dr. Weitz:                            Fascinating. In the book, one of the things you mentioned is this philosophy of believe, act, wait. Maybe you can explain what that is.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Sure. It’s so interesting that when we write or journal or do these inner work things, for me, it’s funny, the book ended up being a beautiful therapy I never expected. Because what happens is as we start to really put together, this is what I went through, this is maybe more meaning and purpose of the suffering and difficulties. What happens is patterns start to emerge.

This was one of those things that literally did not, I never went in saying, “I’m going to write a chapter called Believe, Act, Wait.” What I did is I started to tell stories, and as I told stories, I thought, “Oh my goodness, there’s a theme emerging.” This theme is chapter four, Believe, Act, Wait. It literally came to me as I’m writing this stuff, and what believe, act, wait is for me, it’s my formula for life.

I wanted to share it because I do think it’s powerful. What it is, is if we believe in possibilities, this could be I can be a doctor, I can go to medical school, or I can overcome cancer. Or I can leave a job that I’m stuck in and it’s so miserable, and find a new career or a new job at 55 years old. These things that we maybe think are difficult or impossible.

The first step to achieving your dreams or where your soul wants to go or grow, or learn or transform, is believing that something is possible. Now I come from a faith perspective, but I’m very open to the people who have no faith perspective. It still works because you can still manifest by believing. For me, I do believe in God and I believe in a higher power, and I have that as part of who I am.

But again, I’m very open to the fact that you don’t have to believe in anything religious to have this actually work. You can believe that something else is possible. When you have that belief, that’s what starts the action of the next step. The next is to act. Act just means we do what we can. For me, it’s maybe going to medical school, I’m going to be a doctor, or maybe applying, doing the application.

The first application that you put off. For cancer, it’s like, “Okay, let me talk to a naturopath. Let me talk to an oncologist. Let me get some options.” Let me go to the library and spend hours and hours reading the literature on what works and what doesn’t work for breast cancer, for ductal carcinoma.

You act and you do what is possible within your realm of your life and health, and sleep and family, and you do those things that will take you towards your goal. Then the wait part is where the divine or the manifesting power, the whatever you have belief in. For me, it is very divine. It’s a prayer and meditation. I wait for the unexpected, the things that I can’t do on my own to happen.  For example, I found a phenomenal doctor that helped me with a very special type of radiation during my therapy, and I felt like it partially saved my life. That was such a coincidental meeting of how I got to know him, how I found out what he was doing. That was nothing in my own accord. It was literally the waiting and that came to me.

Dr. Weitz:                            That’s something I hadn’t heard about. Can you describe that type of radiation? Is that something that’s still being done for breast cancer?

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. This was 20 plus years ago, and at that time, it was called brachytherapy. There’s this doctor that was doing this. This was very experimental, and what they would do is, so first of all, lumpectomy almost always is followed by external beam radiation.  What they do is they take out the tumor and the section of the breast that’s affected, and they give a large margin like two centimeters or greater around the tumor. They get all that tumor out, and then they go back in and they externally beam hit radiation.  They still do this 20 years later, but the external beam, it was on my left. Guess what organ is right under the breast? It’s the heart.

Dr. Weitz:                            The heart, yeah.

Dr. Carnahan:                    The external beam radiation, number one, it damages the skin. People have terrible radiation burns on the skin because this beam goes right through the skin. Number two, even if they’re really careful with the physics of that beam, it gets to the heart and to the lungs. A lot of people have permanent heart damage or lung damage to those tissues, because it goes right through and splays onto the heart or the lungs.

I knew that so I thought, “How in the world could I get this safety of treating any remaining cells, but not hurt my heart and lungs and my skin?” This guy, what he did was back in the day when I got it, they literally implanted tubes, these little, hollow tubes where over my treatment of five days, twice a day, they would put radium beads through that. The physics of the machine would calculate exactly where the area of that breast was.

It was basically radiating from the inside out. In that pocket where the tumor was taken, there’s these tubes where the radiation would go inside and it would calculate, just seconds it would pass through. It would pass through just in that internal section, so it literally was like a microwave cooking from the inside out, as crazy as that sounds. But with that, I had no heart and no lung damage.

My skin was fine except for those tubes that went in and out and had to heal, no big deal. That was profound. Now it’s called MammoSite. There’s a couple other devices where they literally do a surgery, and they’ll implant a little thing, like a little pocket inside the tumor region. They’ll put radiation in that pocket. That’s another way to do it.

For prostate cancer, brachytherapy has become very, very common. The same thing, they’ll do those tubes into the prostate and radiate from the inside out, so that you don’t have damage to the rectum or anything else when you’re treating the prostate.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. I think I heard some discussion about it. I think this one doctor was saying that the reimbursement for that procedure is not very good, so they don’t do it that often.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Isn’t that crazy? I’ll tell you, I believe it was the best thing I could have ever done because my heart and lungs are great. My skin was great and it treated me and I’m fine. But what happened was I had to go to this doctor, all he was doing was experimental.  There was no standard at all, so he had a study. The only way I could get in was to be in a study, and his study was all these 55, 65, 75-year-old women, very low risk. I literally had to beg him to say, “Can I please be in your study? I know I might ruin it if I die,” but he took me.

Dr. Weitz:                            To talk a little bit about some clinical things. In your book, you have these gray sections that are like pearls of wisdom about health, so I thought maybe we could talk about a few of these.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Sure, sure, sure.

Dr. Weitz:                            The first one you discuss is lab tests everyone should consider by age 30. Maybe you want to could talk about some of those tests that you think are important screens for overall health, above and beyond the normal lab tests that patients get.  It’s interesting. I often talk to patients and they go, “Well, I went to my primary care doctor and I had all the tests done.” They think they had every test that could possibly be run because they had a CBC and a chem screen, and maybe a basic lipid profile.

Dr. Carnahan:                    I literally grabbed the book so I can make sure that I give you the right information because it’s all here.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right, yeah.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, so this was important. Like you said, what happened was, and I’ll just tell you the background on that. I wanted this book to be something you could curl up with a good cup of tea at night and you’ll be engrossed in the story. All the books that I love are great stories first, and the teaching is second.  I wanted it to be like you’re sitting with me and I’m telling you a story about my life or about a patient, but I also wanted to include these really practical tips. I thought, “How in the world? It took me months to figure out with a publisher, how do we do this?”  That’s what you mentioned with the gray bars. Those are actually just really practical takeaways. Here’s how you treat mold, here’s how you deal with lab issues or whatever. But then you can stay in the story in between those boxes, so that’s what you’re talking about there.

Dr. Weitz:                            Exactly.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Basic things like CMP, CBC, which are standard, are going to check liver, kidney, all that. That’s pretty standard. But some of the other things you might want to do are advanced inflammatory markers for the heart. Things like CRP, TMAO, PLAC, which is plaque, MPO, myeloperoxidase oxidation. These are all markers of more detailed inflammatory processes.

If that’s going on, you can look backwards and say, “Is there an infection or something else going on?” The gut disturbance, complete thyroid panel, this is huge. Not only TSH, which is the standard, but free T3, free T4, TPO antibodies, thyroglobulin antibodies, and even reverse free T3. Those are all going to be comprehensive.

You can see where the thyroid is, where it’s going, complete hormone. You can do this through blood work like estradiol, progesterone, free and total testosterone, DHEAS and cortisol, morning cortisol. You can also do it through a lab like say, DUTCH Complete or ZRT. There’s a couple out there where they literally will test the cortisol through the day.

That’s super helpful to see adrenal function. You’re missing the boat if you don’t get the hormones because those are playing so much into our lives and our aging, and our feeling well and all those good things. Autoimmune markers, I always feel like checking ANA. Then the ENA panel, which includes Sjogren’s antibodies, anti-double-stranded DNA, and those, great screening to see if there’s any autoimmunity.

Since the pandemic, I’ve been adding on anticardiolipin antibodies, which are really crucial for antiphospholipid syndromes, which are more the blood clotting disorders. I’m checking people for that now. You would be shocked at how many people have an elevated D-dimer, which means they’re breaking down fibrin, making clot, and they need to be treated so really, really important.

Vitamin D, really basic. A lot of docs don’t test this. Medicare doesn’t even cover it, and it’s crucial for our immune system. I like to see that between 50 and 80, it can go up to 100, but that’s an ideal range. Fatty acid testing, you can get on a routine lab panel fatty acid, so you can see your Omega-3-6-9, your EPA, your DHA. Those are crucial to brain health, to detox, to inflammation.

Iron study’s really important, and we often think about anemia or low iron, but high iron, hemochromatosis, is also an issue. It’s real important to make sure you’re not too high or too low. Just a quick antidote here. I have a patient who had hair loss at 14, total alopecia totalis, which means poor 14-year-old had no hair. She had lost it, and underlying part of her issue was gluten intolerance, but also undiagnosed hemochromatosis.

Now, normally that girl would’ve gone until 56 years old. She would’ve started to have liver failure, and the doc would’ve been like, “Why are you having liver failure?” They would’ve found this high iron and it would be too late. She’d probably have to have a liver transplant. Fortunately for me, because I’m checking this all the time, I found the hemochromatosis at 14 years old.

I guarantee that girl’s going to have a totally different life, because we’re treating her right now for that disease that at 50 could have actually killed her.

Dr. Weitz:                            That’s great.

Dr. Carnahan:                    That’s important.

Dr. Weitz:                            How are you treating her?

Dr. Carnahan:                    We do therapeutic phlebotomy, just like if you were to give blood that’s ordered and usually every eight to 12 weeks. Now, I think she’s on every maybe four months, and that will literally decrease the hemoglobin. It’s interesting, another little caveat here. Post-menopausal women, they actually increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, heart attack, above that of men as soon as they hit menopause.

Dr. Carnahan:                    One of my theories, and this is backed by science, is that all of a sudden women who are no longer menstruating, have a higher accumulation of iron. Iron is very inflammatory, and then with the hormone levels changing after menopause, they’re also at higher risk of clot. These things actually play into all ages of women with iron too much or too little.

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, those are the main. I guess fasting insulin, fasting glucose, making sure metabolically, those are a few of the others, but that’s most of the ones that are there in my list.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right. Great. Another one of your sections, maybe I should have written down the page numbers for you.

Dr. Carnahan:                    I’ll find it. We’ll see how quick I am.

Dr. Weitz:                            It’s the one on neuroplasticity and how to enhance it. We’re talking about essentially brain health, and how to reduce our risk of these chronic, neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. First of all, what is neuroplasticity? Neuroplasticity is how our ability of our brain to rewire. I see all the time, people with Lyme or mold, or chronic HSV infection or things that could long-term cause a decline in cognitive performance. Or for example, someone who has microvascular issues where they’re having little, baby clots in their brain.

All of these things will actually cause damage to the brain, but our brain is so amazing. If we have a little, it’s almost like the heart, you can have a heart attack and your body will rewire around there. The same with the brain. If we have one chemical pathway that’s not working, one neural pathway that’s not working, our body can actually go around. It’s like a rerouted stream.

That’s what happens with neuroplasticity. Now, how do we increase that? Increasing neuroplasticity is very simple and usually pretty fun, so things like games or puzzles are great. Driving a new way to work. Going to a new country where you hear different language, or you try even speaking a different language. Doing things differently, maybe just changing up your routine in your day.

Especially, like I said, driving a new way to work, puzzles, words, word kinds of crossword things. All those new games in The New York Times. Some of my friends do those every single day, and reading. Reading is probably the number one thing that’s related to neuroplasticity.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. Novel stresses to the brain to cause the brain to improve its various capacities. Okay. The next one is living well in a toxic world by promoting clean air, clean water, clean food, clean mind and a clean body.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. I love this because it just happened one day. I don’t know when I said it first, but it’s one of those things that you and I do a lot of integrated functional medicine and principles. There’s lots of complex things like we’re looking at does the patient do better on glutathione or NAC or whatever? We can get lost in the minutia or we can get lost in these expensive IV medications, hepatitis therapies.  These things are wonderful or buying a PEMF mat. But the truth is sometimes very simple moves the needle more. I love this because clean air, clean water, clean food. When I say that, most patients are like, “Oh wait, it doesn’t have to be overwhelming or hard or expensive. I can do this.” It gives the patient, the people we’re dealing with, even your listeners, the permission to do something that’s doable and affordable that’s actually going to move the needle.

I really believe this foundation is so crucial because if you can have clean air, so making sure you have air filters or open your windows, or getting air exchanged. I’m a huge fan of a HEPA and a VOC filter. Things like IQAir, Austin Air, AirDoctor, and there’s many more, in your house would be great. But even if you can’t afford an air filter, you can open your windows, you can exchange air.

Now, that would be in the case that you don’t have tons of exhaust right outside your door, or a wildfire or something because certainly sometimes the outdoor air is a lot more contaminated. But clean air is crucial, and we have so many studies that show that nanoparticulate from exhaust and diesel fuels, actually can contribute to autoimmunity and Alzheimer’s, and the many chronic issues that we see. Really, really crucial.

Clean air, clean water, making sure that the sources of water that you get, ideally a whole house reverse osmosis system would be great. But you can literally, right now, I have a pitcher in my fridge from Clearly Filtered, that works. I have a condo, so it’s harder to do their reverse osmosis system system. Someday I may have that, but I don’t right now.

I have a $30 water pitcher in my fridge and it filters out 200 of the top chemicals so that can work, but you want to make sure you’re not drinking tap water, you’re not drinking bottled water. Last summer, this became even more evident as the test from the Colorado water supply where I live came out publicly. It showed that every single water source they tested was contaminated with PFAs.

These are polyfluorinated compounds like Teflon and GORE-TEX, and they’re forever chemicals. In 50 years, they probably will still be the same levels. They’re not going to go away anytime soon, so filtering your water [inaudible 00:39:29].

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. Those are all across the country, either in southern California where we are, they’re really everywhere.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, yeah. It’s literally, and again, it’s sad because there’s no way to get rid of them. We can filter them out of our drinking water for sure and our bathing water.  But they’re in the water supply and they’re not going anywhere. Because of that clean air, clean water, clean food, this is making choices every day within your [inaudible 00:39:51].

Dr. Weitz:                            They’re still being added to our water supply. They’re in these flame-retardant chemicals that they use to put out fires, so they’re proliferating even more.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. I think this is the secret of our chronic illness and our exponential rise in autoimmunity is the toxic load in our environment is just so increasing quicker than we can possibly handle.  Our bodies are designed to detox, and if you give the right tools, we can really get well. But I think what’s happening is we’re all drowning in the bucket of toxicity.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah, it’s crazy. We spray flame-retardant chemicals on our mattress, and it’s like a big deal to try to get a mattress that doesn’t have flame-retardant chemicals in it. It’s insane.

Dr. Carnahan:                    You’re so right. Even like baby, the outfits they wear and things, clothing.  All of it is mandated to have flame retardants because they don’t want the babies to get, but it’s so toxic.

Dr. Weitz:                            It’s ridiculous. Yeah.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. Clean food, this can be as basic as choosing like the dirty dozen on our environmental working group, tells you the top 12 foods that are most contaminated with pesticides every year, so choosing to buy organic for those. Ideally, all organic if you can, locally grown, sustainable, all those kinds of things.  Good example is salmon. Farm salmon is one of the most toxic foods you can consume. It has PCBs and mercury. Wild salmon is one of the most healthy foods you can consume. Choosing to pay a little bit more for wild salmon is going to be worth it in the long run.

Dr. Weitz:                            By the way, here’s a hint. A lot of the restaurants around here and in stores sell wild Scottish salmon. It’s not wild.  It’s grown in pens in the ocean, and they’re saying because it’s grown in these big pens that it’s actually wild, but it’s not.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yes, I’ve seen that. It’s funny with restaurants too, they love to put wild or they’ve Scottish or whatever. You’re right. The studies that show those pens and those farm salmon, first of all, there’s massive amounts of fish viral diseases, so there’s infections. Second of all, the PCB levels are off the charts so just that alone, if there’s no mercury, is an issue.  Really, really sadly, is people think they’re eating healthy. I had a guy the other day just come in and mercury off the charts. I said, “What are you even doing?” He said, “Well, just two years ago I started changing. I wanted to lose weight and for lunches at work, I found this place that had these bowls and they had salmon.”  I thought, “I’m eating healthy, so I would have that every single day.” It’s like, “Oh my goodness, how sad.” He’s eating this lettuce and beautiful, but it’s like the source doesn’t matter.

Dr. Weitz:                            Most salmon at sushi bars is farmed as well.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yes, exactly. If you’re eating in restaurants and you’re getting your fish from restaurants, unless you know that restaurateur is an organic sourcing, which is rare, extremely rare, you’re getting not good source.

Dr. Weitz:                            Very few restaurants serve wild fish.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah, yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah, that’s too bad. Okay, let’s see. One more, steps to prevent mold growth.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Okay. It’s interesting because I always, if I suspect mold in a patient from testing or from their history, if I just go out and say, “Do you have mold in your house?” 99% of people will say no because they’re like, “Oh, I don’t see mold.” You have to be creative in how you ask, and this is partially for preventing mold growth too. Things like first, a simple example. Last summer, I’m in a condo so multi-level.

My neighbor above me had a fridge leak that went down into my wall and down into my floor, and I had Chaetomium growing in my kitchen from that leak. I learned from that, and I just was like because it wasn’t my fridge, but because the fridge waterline, I’ve seen so many cases of fridge waterlines leaking from improper installation. I’m like, “Disconnect my line. I can make my own ice cubes. This is not worth it.”

I tell patients who have mold, don’t connect your fridge. It’s not worth that risk of that leaking into the wall. I’ve seen so many problems. Simple thing is just disconnect your fridge waterline, turn it off, make your own ice cubes. It’s so easy. It’s not a big deal. Under your sinks and things, you should have those, you can buy them at Home Depot and Lowe’s.

They’re rubber mats that will protect your wood from if there is an accidental leak, because how many of you out there have had a leak under your sink? I would say 90% of people. That literally can cause enough mold growth to cause an issue. Putting the pads, and they often come with a little water sensor. Under all of my sinks, I have pads to protect from water damage accidental with a water sensor. Things like attics and crawlspaces.

You need to know, literally, I went to Australia a few weeks ago and a building biologist there was one of the best lectures I’d ever heard. She talked about moisture is the problem, not mold. I love that framework because if we think about it as intrusion of moisture, condensation, leakage of windows. Making sure your windows are sealed, making sure your crawlspace is sealed, especially if you pull air.

A lot of houses pull air from the crawlspace. If there’s mold in there, you’re pulling air from a moldy area. So often attics or crawlspaces aren’t properly maintained. They get condensation, they get water damage, they get leaks from hurricanes or roof damage, or the crawlspace isn’t finished. If you have air exchange from either the attic or the crawlspace, you’re pulling air into your system from a moldy environment.

Like I said, windows, condensation, improperly sealed siding. Your foundation, if you’re below grade and your foundation isn’t stable and sealed, a lot of people will get water intrusion through their foundation. Sump pumps or places in your basement that are pulling out water, they’re just sitting water. I’ve looked once in a while for new homes and done some walking through them.

Most of the time, if I’m looking at the homes, the places I find issues are basements, crawlspaces or the sump pumps. These are all just little practical things, but home maintenance and your gutters. If your gutters are full of leaves, you should be 2, 3, 4 times a year cleaning out those gutters. If you’re not doing that, are not hiring someone to do that, then what happens is they get full and that water will leak past the gutters right into the wall of your home.  Those are some of the bigger issues, the foundations, the walls of the home, the attics, the crawlspaces, and they really, really affect the mold in the home.

Dr. Weitz:                            A lot of the newer homes or the newer construction is being designed to make sure the homes are airtight.  This is partially to be energy efficient, and that means that if there is moisture, it can’t get out. It’s more likely to create mold inside the walls.

Dr. Carnahan:                    You’re absolutely right. Two little things here, because this new energy efficiency and solar power and all these things, wonderful for environment, I’m all for it. But you have to understand what it could be doing. The energy efficiency, like you said, is very, very tightly constructed. If there is a difference in the moisture in the home, the humidity in the home versus outside, you’re going to have condensation.  If your home’s more humid and just like this building biologist from Australia was saying, if you do a shower, if you breathe out literally all the time, I think she said each person in a house produces 40 liters of vapor a day. Don’t quote me on that because I might have it wrong. But it was such an astronomical number of like, “You’re kidding me.” She goes, “Your college kid’s in there for 30 minutes, the steam’s going up and they don’t install a fan.”  You are guaranteed to have mold growth on that particleboard, because it’s just getting wet and damp. You have to have the fans, you have to have them properly installed, and that moisture in the house is actually the issue.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. Great. Any final thoughts for our listeners and viewers?

Dr. Carnahan:                    Well, thanks for taking me on the journey through my [inaudible 00:47:23], I really enjoyed talking to you about that.

Dr. Weitz:                            Thank you for taking me and the other readers on the journey through your book about through your whole life’s journey.

Dr. Carnahan:                    Yeah. I think the biggest takeaway is I’m not unique. People have read the book like, “Oh my gosh, I can’t believe you’ve been through all that.” The truth is everyone out there has the same potential. When we change, that’s why the believe, act, wait or some way of reframing your story is so powerful. I just tell my story because I’ve learned through the difficulties and the good and how to do that.  My takeaway would be, if you’re facing difficulty or disaster, or financial issues or health issues, or a child or a parent who’s sick or all these many things that can go wrong in our lives, first of all, difficulties and suffering are going to happen. When we know that we’re not caught off guard. Like my book title, Unexpected, unexpected things are going to happen.

If we have that frame of like, “How are we going to deal with something when the curveball gets thrown our way?” Instead of being shocked and being like, “Why me?” We change that frame and we say, “Why not me? How can I take this and turn it into something that actually helps me transform into a better person, a better human, and all those things?” I think when we have that framework, it’s still hard.  It’s still suffering. It can still be so painful, and I don’t deny any of that. But when we have a framework, we can literally transform suffering into something that turns out to be a really beautiful thing.

Dr. Weitz:                          Do you want to provide contacts for your office or your book or both?

Dr. Carnahan:                    Oh, thank you. My regular website is just my name, JillCarnahan.com. Everything you ever want to know about mold and everything, it’s articles and blogs. It’s all free.  I have a podcast you can get on iTunes, YouTube, Stitcher, whatever. If you want more about the book, go to readunexpected.com. Lots of free resources there as well.

Dr. Weitz:                          That’s great. Thank you so much, Jill.

Dr. Carnahan:                    You are so welcome.

 


 

Dr. Weitz:                            Thank you for making it all the way through this episode of the Rational Wellness Podcast. For those of you who enjoy listening to the Rational Wellness Podcast, I would certainly appreciate it if you could go to Apple Podcasts or Spotify, and give us a five-star ratings and review. That way, more people will discover the Rational Wellness Podcast.  I wanted to let everybody know that I do have some openings for new patients, so I can see you for a functional medicine consultation for specific health issues like gut problems, autoimmune diseases, cardiometabolic conditions. Or for an executive health screen, and to help you promote longevity and take a deeper dive into some of those factors that can lead to chronic diseases along the way.  That usually means we’re going to do some more detailed lab work, stool testing, sometimes urine testing. We’re going to look at a lot more details to get a better picture of your overall health from a preventative, functional medicine perspective. If you’re interested, please call my Santa Monica Weitz Sports Chiropractic and Nutrition office at 310-395-3111.  We can set you up for a new consultation for functional medicine. I’ll talk to everybody next week.

 

Dr. Jesse Armine discusses Leaky Gut with Dr. Ben Weitz.

[If you enjoy this podcast, please give us a rating and review on Apple Podcasts, so more people will find The Rational Wellness Podcast. Also check out the video version on my WeitzChiro YouTube page.] 

 

Podcast Highlights

6:50  Leaky gut is really all about the cell membrane which covers the cell and is supposed to keep things out of the cell that need to stay out and allow other things that should get in to get in.  All of the energy of the cell comes from the mitochondria and is run through the cell membrane through this particular organelle called ATP synthase. The cell membrane of the gut is the barrier to bacteria and antigens and medications and alcohol and inflammation from getting into the system.  The cell membrane is the master of the cell more so than the nucleus. 

 

 



Dr. Jesse Armine is a Doctor of Chiropractic and a registered nurse. He has specialized training in methylation, genetic research, Neuro-Endo Immunology, Functional Medicine, Nutrigenomics, Applied Kinesiology, and Nutritional Counseling.  He specializes in diagnosing and treating complex, multifactorial illnesses with a concentration in neuropsychiatric expressions/autism and chronic illnesses.  Dr. Jess lectures worldwide and continues to treat patients mostly remotely.  He co-authored a book with Elizma Lambert ND entitled, “Leaky Gut, Leaky Cells, Leaky Brain”.  His website is DrJessArmine.com.

Dr. Ben Weitz is available for Functional Nutrition consultations specializing in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders like IBS/SIBO and Reflux and also Cardiometabolic Risk Factors like elevated lipids, high blood sugar, and high blood pressure.  Dr. Weitz has also successfully helped many patients with managing their weight and improving their athletic performance, as well as sports chiropractic work by calling his Santa Monica office 310-395-3111. Dr. Weitz is also available for video or phone consultations.

 



 

Podcast Transcript

Dr. Weitz:            Hey, this is Dr. Ben Weitz, host of the Rational Wellness Podcast. I talk to the leading health and nutrition experts and researchers in the field to bring you the latest in cutting edge health information. Subscribe to the Rational Wellness Podcast for weekly updates. And to learn more, check out my website, dr whites.com. Thanks for joining me, and let’s jump into the podcast.

                                Hello Rational Wellness podcasters. Today, we will be speaking about leaky gut with Dr. Jess Armine. Leaky gut is a controversial concept in the functional medicine world. No, I’m not talking about the controversy in conventional medicine about whether leaky gut exists at all. Most of us understand that there’s tons of research substantiating that leaky gut exists and that it’s a problem, but there are differences about how to test for leaky gut. There’s the old lactulose mannitol intestinal permeability test, but most of us today are either using a serum test for zonulin or a stool zonulin test, or a serum test for zonulin antibodies, and there’s a lot of controversy whether any of these are accurate.  I personally run a stool zonulin as part of a stool test, but quite frankly, I assume that most of my patients with gut problems have leaky gut. There’s also controversy about the best strategies for healing leaky gut and whether probiotics, and which ones, prebiotics, which ones, bone broth, et cetera, et cetera. How should we heal leaky gut? I’m hoping that Dr. Jess Armine can give us some clarification and guidance for how to understand leaky gut and how to treat it.

Dr. Jess Armine is a doctor of chiropractic. He graduated in 1986, a year before me, and a registered nurse. He has specialized training in methylation, genetic research, neuro-endo immunology, functional medicine, nutrigenomics applied kinesiology and nutrition. He specializes in diagnosing and treating complex illnesses. Dr. Jess lectures worldwide and continues to treat patients mostly remotely. He co-authored a book with Elizma Lambert, ND entitled, Leaky Gut, Leaky Cells, Leaky Brain. Jess Armine, thank you so much for joining us.

Dr. Armine:         Thank you for inviting me. Basically all that stuff means I don’t know what I want to be when I grow up.

Dr. Weitz:            Me too. Personally, I hope I never grow up.

Dr. Armine:         No. I’ll tell you something. I have multiple, multiple interests, and like you said, we’re going to talk about leaky gut today, and leaky gut is more of a euphemistic term. And I have a little presentation. I’m going to zip through it and stop at the areas that are important because you’ve already gotten my qualifications and so forth. And I want to tell you some really important things about leaky gut that most people don’t realize. It’s not that difficult to fix, a little patient with it, but why it’s so important to fix it, whether a test positive for it or not. Okay, so can I start the presentation?

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, yeah, go ahead. And I just want to tell everybody who’s listening, if you happen to be listening to this on your phone, you can go to the YouTube page, Weitzchiro YouTube page, and you can see Jess’s presentation there if you want to see the slides.

Dr. Armine:         So this is me. I’m from Brooklyn, as some people might tell by my accent. There’s all my qualifications. This was originally made for clinicians and learning to be a clinician, but in order to be a clinician… So this is how you know your doctor’s good. This is the way you should take this. Somebody who just uses signs, the double-blind foreseeable controlled studies, that’s not the way to run a practice. You have to use your clinical acumen, in other words, what you’re observing, what you’re hearing, and your intuitive sense. You put those three together and they agree, you’re all set.

                                Albert Einstein… I think the reason that we have so many problems in healthcare today is that we base our treatment just on scientific evidence. We don’t take observational or anecdotal evidence into consideration. How many moms out there go to the doctor and say, “I think it’s blah, blah, blah.” And the doctor just laugh at you and go their own way. We ignore intuitive insight and we forget the wisdom of Albert Einstein. He said, “The intuitive mind is a sacred gift, and the rational mind is a faithful servant.” And we’ve created a society that honors the servant, and has forgotten the gift. So you know, have a good doctor when they’re eclectic and they listen to you and they consider all possibilities of everything. So guess what? I just gave you a big gift there.

Dr. Weitz:            So what you’re saying is if we just feed our symptoms into artificial intelligence and it spits out a pharmaceutical prescription, that’s probably not the best medicine?

Dr. Armine:         That’s the way of the world now, and that started in the 1970s. The reason that we have these things that we call diagnoses, OCD, ADD, ODD, oppositional defiance disorder, are diagnoses, which are not diagnoses, they’re descriptions that are put in place so that we will have a pharmaceutical protocol to follow, not for any other reason, not for saying, “Hey, why is that like that?” And go backwards. They just say, “Okay, here’s the end result. This is the way we want you to treat it.” We could get into that for hours, by the way, so what you’re always looking for is a doctor who’s going to put the puzzle pieces together because honestly, it doesn’t really matter how many courses you’ve taken, how many degrees you have, how much you know, if you can’t put those puzzle pieces together, it’s all for naught. And really, leaky gut is an importance of the cell membrane. The cell membrane is the thing that covers the cell. We think of it as a piece of cellophane, but it’s not.  The cell membrane is critical. It keeps what’s supposed to be out, out, what’s supposed to be in, in. It has all the various receptors on it, and I won’t get crazy with it, and it’s made of phospholipids. In other words, if you can’t conjugate your fats or lipids, you’re not going to be able to make your cell membranes. I was putting this here for the doctors because the next one was for the mitochondria, that thing that makes your energy… And that uses a different kind of phospholipid, and again, I’m not going to get into that. All energy comes from the mitochondria and is run through the cell membrane through this particular organelle called ATP synthase. Again, I would love to give you a long explanation of it, and it’s not all that hard because I make everything easy, but it does take a bit of time.

                                So the fact is that I want you to remember… This is the takeaway before we even get into leaky gut, that the master of the cell is not the nucleus, it’s the cell membrane. If your cell membranes are, I’m sorry, holy or leaky, nothing is going to work because it involves everything. But in the good gut, by the way, you see the cell membrane over in here, and that prevents all these bad guys from getting through, and everybody’s talking about the tight junctions or the mucus layer and so forth. The fact is that once this opens up, all this bacteria, all the antigens and stuff can get in, and what happens then? What causes this, by the way, things like bacteria, medications, too much alcohol, lots of inflammation. We are an inflammatory society. Chemicals, lack of fibers, lack of something that creates butyrate and a lack of friendly bacteria, and you can see here where a normal gut has these little hairs here, and that just creates more area for absorption. Whereas, let’s say, a celiac intestine, it’s so inflamed that you have not much area for absorption.

Dr. Weitz:            So those are called the villi?

Dr. Armine:         Yes, these are called the villi. I like to call them fingers because it’s easier to remember than villi.

Dr. Weitz:            Those are on the inside of the intestine and allow for greater absorption of nutrients.

Dr. Armine:         Exactly. The more room you have here, the more absorption of nutrients you have, but when you get an allergic reaction, like gluten, it starts looking like this, and you just don’t have enough area, and you’re not only going to get a pain, but you’re not going to get the absorption you’re looking for.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, you’re going to get nutritional deficiencies significantly.

Dr. Armine:         Absotively. And this is super advanced, but I’m going to just run through with you. What happens is once the antigens get through, once these cells start dying and that separates the cells, the antigens get through and they interact with the immune system, and that’s where you get a lot of T-cell or B-cell, a lot of antibody, just think about as antibodies being created, and that’s what creates inflammation. The more this happens, it starts creating things called memory cells, and those memory cells, every time the antigen is seen, it starts producing more and more and more antibodies, and that’s more and more inflammation. And the reason for all of our problems these days is chronic inflammation, which is coming from a progressively worse leaky gut syndrome.

                                So if nutrients and toxins can’t move in and out freely and they get stuck along the way, we end up with nutritional deficiencies, like Ben just said, toxin accumulation expression of genetic predispositions. Real fast about genetics, the presence of a polymorphism, a snip, an allele, whatever words you want to use, doesn’t make a difference. Something’s got to make it express. This is one of the things that will make it express. Just because you could look at, let’s say, a folate pathway and it doesn’t look so hot to you, it doesn’t mean you’re not going to be producing at the end five methylfolate. What it means is that if you don’t give that pathway what it needs to work, that’s when you’re going to see an expression of genetic predispositions. It’s an interesting subject, but we tend to look at a gene and say, “This is what’s going to happen,” and that’s not true.

Dr. Weitz:            By the way, Jess, in terms of nutrient deficiencies and toxins getting in, logically, you might think if the junctions are open, short toxins are going to get in, but nutrients are going to get in more easily. Why is it that we have nutritional deficiencies?

Dr. Armine:         For a couple of reasons. Number one, when we’re digesting, we’re not digesting completely down to the point of the constituent parts. For instance, if you have a protein and you break it down to the amino acids, how does it actually get into the body if you have a good gut? It goes right through the cells. But since we’re not digesting completely, what we’re doing is creating short chain proteins that are antigens. So yes, it’ll get in easily, but what’s getting in? What’s getting in are the antigens or what are antigens like.

Dr. Weitz:            Right. In other words, instead of break in the proteins, instead of the proteins staying in the intestinal tract, until they’re broken down into individual amino acids, which is how they’re supposed to be absorbed, the entire protein or some part of that protein is getting absorbed through the intestinal lining, and that’s not a form in which our body is prepared to deal with it, and that’s why the immune system tends to attack it and create antibodies.

Dr. Armine:         We have a real problem with that these days. After 35 years of age, we usually don’t have enough hydrochloric acid. We are doing exactly what you said before, too much alcohol, too much junk, too much this, too much that, so-

Dr. Weitz:            Chronic use of proton pump inhibitors like Prilosec and acids and et cetera, et cetera.

Dr. Armine:         So all those things, all those things, and combine them, you get a stomach ache, you start throwing Maalox from Mylanta down. If that doesn’t work, you go to the doctor and he gives you a proton pump inhibitor, like a omeprazole or so forth, and what does that do but slow down or stop the production of hydrochloric acid, and often I’ll treat my patients with hydrochloric acid or some digestive enzymes actually making them better. Because if you think about it, if you don’t produce enough hydrochloric acid, aren’t you making the condition worse? You’re creating more antigens. This is a little complex. I’m not going to go through it. For those of you who love genetics, live by genetics, you won’t hear me sit here and explain it, but I put the genes that are associated with leaky gut syndrome and their explanation. So when you want to repair, why do we want to repair a leaky gut?

Dr. Weitz:            Wait a minute, let’s go back to those genes.

Dr. Armine:         You bet.

Dr. Weitz:            I want to talk about… There we go. So let’s highlight a few of these genes.

Dr. Armine:         I did.

Dr. Weitz:            I know. I want to talk about the first one, PEMT. Tell us a little bit about that. It looks like it would be an important gene also for brain health.

Dr. Armine:         Absolutely. Anything that creates a cell membrane is going to stop leaky gut, leaky cells and leaky brain.

Dr. Weitz:            Because there’s a similar membrane in the brain that prevents bacteria and toxins from getting into the brain, just like-

Dr. Armine:         The exact same reason for the gut is for the brain. The only thing that’s a little different is the mitochondrial in a membrane that uses cardiolipins, but let’s not get into that. PEMT, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is part of the process that we create phosphatidylcholine, which is what we use as a cell membrane, and this is part of your methylation pathway. Just if you would see where SAM is, S-adenosyl methionine, on one side you would see GAMT, which creates creatine, which creates muscle, and on the other side, you’d see PEMT, which creates your cell membranes. Now, if you don’t have enough SAM, if that particular enzyme is working slowly, if you have the inability to properly conjugate breakdown your lipids, you’re not going to be able to create your phosphatidylcholines. And if you can’t, it’s going to affect every cell membrane in the body.

                                And if you want to know how many cell membranes we have, we have 30 trillion cells, 200 to 2000 mitochondria per cell, and within the mitochondria, there’s something called the electron transport chains, and there’s about 30,000 per mitochondria. I’ll let you do the math. Now, here’s a little secret for you. If you’re looking at your genetics and you see FADS1, FADS2, may alter the metabolism of phosphatidylcholine, and the conversion of fatty acids, fish oil, microalgae oil, flaxseed oil to the phospholipids, we tend to think that omega-3s are the better way to get our phospholipids. And yeah, that would be correct, but if you happen to have these guys on board, these polymorphisms, that’s going to alter the conversion. So if you have PEMT and the FADS, you’re going to have to consider your diet, consider what co-factors allow this to work, make sure you’re digesting things correctly, and maybe lean towards the oils that create the phospholipids rather than the oils that don’t.

Dr. Weitz:            What oils would those be?

Dr. Armine:         Well, some people are going to throw rocks at me, I know. Omega-3s, whether they’re microalgae oils or whatever, are the easiest ones to create phospholipids. They also create an anti-inflammatory prostaglandin. Whereas things like omega-6s and omega-9s, and I won’t say the product, they have to go through a series of changes via dismutases and one of the stops is… Well, the last stop is omega-3s, but just before that, you have arachidonic acid. Put enough or arachidonic acid in and that goes into inflammatory prostaglandin pathway, which is why arachidonic acid has been demonized. We need it for our cells, but we don’t need as much as we’re taking in. So when you’re looking at your oils, the common wisdom is if the oil is solid at room temperatures, probably not the best thing for you, so if you want to use that as a guideline. Butter is solid, but that’s solid because it’s been churned, but margarine has had hydrogen bubbled through it in the presence of a metal, and that’s what makes it solid.

Dr. Weitz:            That’s a hydrogenation process.

Dr. Armine:         Exactly, exactly.

Dr. Weitz:            Which is why you don’t want to eat margarine, but butter might be okay, depending upon your cardiovascular risk.

Dr. Armine:         Even with a reasonable cardiovascular risk, the less natural it is, if you will, the more the risk is. The other part of-

Dr. Weitz:            So for patients who say have polymorphisms in these genes and they can’t produce the PC, does that mean it’s better for patients to consume polyene phosphatidylcholine directly or other forms of choline?

Dr. Armine:         Well, there’s other forms of choline that produce acetylcholine, which is a different story, but one of the old ways of doing this, and it still works, is to use lecithins.

Dr. Weitz:            Right, which is phosphatidylcholine, right?

Dr. Armine:         Which is phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine.

Dr. Weitz:            Right.

Dr. Armine:         Okay, the problem these days when I was first starting this and everybody was using soy lecithin and-

Dr. Weitz:            Now everybody’s using sunflower lecithin.

Dr. Armine:         Exactly. But you know what? There’s another lesson then you can use if you’re not allergic to it is egg lecithin. That works just as well.

Dr. Weitz:            Okay.

Dr. Armine:         But given what you have either are liposomal PC out there, there are emulsified PCs. Emulsification is when the lipid is broken down to a small little drip drop called a micelle, and where you see those villi, that’s where they fit in. So there are ways around this. There’s a lot of tricks up the sleeve to start getting your… but, what do you really need to do? Fix your digestion.

Dr. Weitz:            Right.

Dr. Armine:         Fixed digestion and then-

Dr. Weitz:            Let’s just touch on this one other gene too, because this is another important one, is this diamine oxidase, and this is often mentioned when we’re dealing with patients with histamine intolerance or mast cell activation syndrome that they may lack this enzyme that helps break down histamine.

Dr. Armine:         There’s two paths to breaking down histamine, the extracellular and intracellular. The extracellular, the first enzyme you’re going to run into is diamine oxidase, which is also known as APP, the AOC1, you’ll see it like that. And what that does is start breaking histamine down to an aldehyde. Now, understand that it also produces ammonia, so then when it gets down to the aldehyde stage, there’s a big long word with the ending aldehyde. So whenever you see that, just think of formaldehyde, it’s much easier. Seriously, you ever try and pronounce one of those words? And even acetaldehyde or acid aldehyde, there’s only one carbon off, and it sounds like, oh, I’m saying this big scientific word. But if they say formaldehyde to people, they understand that. It may not be as injurious as formaldehyde, but you get the idea. The next set of enzymes is the aldehyde dehydrogenase family, which breaks the aldehyde into acetic acid, which is vinegar, and that’s much more easily excreted by the body. That’s the whole idea.

                                Internally, intracellularly, we use HNMT, which SAM is the co-factor. That creates N-methylhistamine, and that is broken down by MAO A and B to another aldehyde with big long name, and then the aldehyde dehydrogenase family breaks that down into acetic acid. There’s a side pathway that’s run by NAT2, which uses B5, and that creates acetylhistamine, which is for some reason more easily excreted. But there’s two things about histamine you have to know. One, what’s creating it? It’s not just a matter of how well we break it down, it’s what’s causing the extreme stimulation of one of the receptors to release it and why it’s being created, which is because of what a particular condition you have, and then it’s a matter of how quickly you can break it down. Most people are concentrating just on this, which is not a good idea.

                                There’s your HNMT, NAT2. Your FAT2 is going to get smacked around about this also, has mainly to do with your B12 conjugation, and I know that this is secretor and a non-secretor type, but I think the people who concentrate on that are concentrating too much on it, and this has more, in my opinion, to do with B12 than anything else. So repairing leaky gut, why do we want to repair it? Well, let me tell you a secret. You had mentioned before that there’s been a lot of testing out there.

Dr. Weitz:            Right. And should we test for leaky gut?

Dr. Armine:         I’m going to tell you no, and I’m going to tell you why. If anybody has a chronic illness that got leaky gut and that one-tenth of 1000000th of 1% that don’t, this is why it’s not dangerous.

Dr. Weitz:           Well, let me just put you on the spot for a second. How do you know that?

Dr. Armine:         How do I know what?

Dr. Weitz:           How do you know that most people have leaky gut? What’s the gold standard? Is the lactulose mannitol the gold standard?

Dr. Armine:         By chronic inflammation.

Dr. Weitz:           But you can have inflammation without leaky gut, right?

Dr. Armine:         Really? Listen to my explanation first and then decide whether my rationale is reasonable. If you have leaky gut, you’re going to create progressively more inflammation. It’s going to start out as food intolerances and overactive immune systems and autoimmunity of all sort, and then dysautonomia. That’s the way it’s going to go.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, I have no argument with that.

Dr. Armine:         Well, that’s good because we’re all in agreement that yeah, it’s a little complex when you think about it, but-

Dr. Weitz:            I’m just saying from a scientific perspective, we want to make sure we’re on firm ground when we say most patients have leaky gut.

Dr. Armine:         Okay, so whenever you decide to treat someone, the very final arbiter is the risk benefit factor.

Dr. Weitz:           Okay.

Dr. Armine:         So if what you’re going to do has very little risk and a very high probability of improvement, then you go, “Okay, that’s going to be all right.” When I go to tree leaky gut, I’m going to try and recreate a mucus layer. That mucus layer can be created by fructooligosaccharide, [inaudible 00:28:39] oligosaccharide, things like slippery elm, Sialex, [inaudible 00:28:45] oligosaccharides. They’re all over the place. I’m going to provide for cell physiology by using butyrate, maybe support the tight junctions with zinc-L-carnosine. And if the person’s been ill for a long time and their gut is not working as well just by listening to them, I might start using serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin isolates, which are big long words from mega mucosa, and those products have been known to fix the guts of HIV patients.

                                And then we can go back and forth with the probiotics of what creates what or who creates where. And that’s a big long discussion. So if I do that, if I do nothing but give somebody some digestive enzymes so you don’t create your antigens, give them something for the mucus layer, provide for the cell physiology, which is the butyrate, and maybe give them something for their tight junctions, am I hurting them in any way?

Dr. Weitz:            No.

Dr. Armine:         Okay. All right. Now, if someone has leaky gut and they took a zonulin test and the zonulin test was negative or below whatever, so forth and so on, for whatever reason, you know how tests are, and I don’t treat the leaky gut, am I hurting that person or not? And the reason I would say I’m hurting them is because since most people, they’re going to be hurting their guts and antigens are going to go through and inflammation’s going to build up, that inflammation will constantly get worse and worse and worse until, yes, your tests will become positive, but you’re not helping them as much as if you treat them at this real basic level with these real simple things that need to be done anyway. And the probability that’ll hurt them is very little, but if the probability of not treating it, the probability of them getting hurt is quite high.

Dr. Weitz:           Well then another question that comes out of this same way of thinking is if we are just assuming they have leaky gut and there’s no reasonable way to test for it to be sure that they have it, how do we know how long to treat them for this? How do we know when the leaky gut is better or are we just basing it on symptoms?

Dr. Armine:         Well, to a certain degree, you’re basing it on symptoms. To a certain degree, when you give somebody vitamins and minerals that are getting into the cells, when do you stop doing that?

Dr. Weitz:           Well, vitamins and minerals, a lot of them I consider just something that you should take for the rest of your life.

Dr. Armine:         I agree. And if somebody has a job that has a lot of stress, they may need to do a lesser version of this so that it doesn’t keep going back. Personally, I will stop treating a leaky gut and if a certain symptoms start coming back, you start seeing the buildup again, then one of two things. Either you haven’t fixed the leaky gut or it’s whatever is causing the leaky gut is taking over again. And remember, it’s not just this. We still have to look at things like H. Pylori. We have to look at dysbiosis. You have to look at SIBO. I’m just talking about real basic bio-terrain work that is normally ignored. That’s the problem. It’s normally ignored, and that’s why people don’t get better. It’s not just leaky gut.

                                It’s the whole bio-terrain thought pattern where you’re not giving people absorbable vitamins and minerals. When I say absorbable, if you takes it like that little one a day pill, which is Italian for… Seriously, if you take something… I’ll give you a real good example. Ladies are being told that they’re going to get their calcium to prevent osteoporosis by taking what? Calcium carbonate. Okay, well, I’m sorry, calcium carbonate, the last time I took chemistry, when you put calcium carbonate in hydrochloric acid, you get the bicarbonate ion, which neutralizes everything, which is why it’s Rolaids and Tums, but the calcium combines with the chloride becomes a rock, becomes limestone. And when it becomes limestone-

Dr. Weitz:            That’s a white stuff that builds up in your pipes.

Dr. Armine:         That’s right. So you’re not getting ionic calcium are you, that you need for your bones? So let’s face it, not only do you have to do your own thinking, you can’t trust the vitamin companies. You have to get a vitamin that has been made to absorb really, really well so it gets into the cells. Now, there are liposomal vitamins, there are liquid vitamins, there are some very well-made powdered vitamins that will actually preferentially get into the serum and then get into the cells. If your vitamins and minerals don’t get into the cells, you’re not going to get better. Why? Because all those biochemical processes, they need those co-factors in order to run.

Dr. Weitz:            I would like to say that I think everybody should take a multivitamin and better to take a higher quality, more absorbable one, but even taking just the basic multivitamin… We just had a study showing that taking Centrum, not that I’m a big fan of Centrum, but people who took a Centrum had a significantly decreased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease.

Dr. Armine:         So the people who did the studies, let’s not go down there, all right?

Dr. Weitz:           Well, who pays for studies?

Dr. Armine:         Who pays for studies? Way back when we were in school, way back when, when you listened to a scientific study, it was the greatest thing for insomnia because you had this guy talking blah blah blah, but now you got to be careful in who is doing the study. And when I look at a vitamin, I’ll look at each form of vitamins to see if in my head it’s absorbable. And that’s fine. And yes, if you are not ill and you have a need and everybody does for vitamins and minerals, you’re going to have certain improvements. I don’t know I’d go as far as saying that it’s going to prevent cardiovascular disease or is it less of an incidence? I’d read the study over again, then I’d see who is doing the study and how they did it and yada, yada, yada. Is it right? Yeah. Is it right to say that somebody gets a good absorbable vitamin and Centrum is not, I’m sorry.

Dr. Weitz:            No, I’m not a big fan of Centrum. I don’t like-

Dr. Armine:         The fact is that the principle is correct. The product is wrong.

Dr. Weitz:            So now in terms of healing the leaky gut, a lot of us in the functional medicine world are using some version of what Jeffrey Bland called many years ago, a Four R program. Dr. Bland explained it as replace, remove, reinoculate and repair. And there’s different versions of that. And so I think a lot of us are using some version of leaky gut repair, but we’re typically using it in the repair stage.

Dr. Armine:         The problem with that is that we all learned it that way, and then the argument came out, should we treat the dysbiosis or treat the leaky gut?

Dr. Weitz:            Right.

Dr. Armine:         And then it becomes an argument of-

Dr. Weitz:            Right, the fungal infection, SIBO, et cetera. So what you’re saying, treat to leaky gut first?

Dr. Armine:         I’m saying that’s the way I usually start… In my head and it’s only in my head, there’s no Armine method out there, by the way. You’ll see a lot of stuff that I’ve written, but in my head I say to myself, what has not been done? Because when I see somebody, the reason I’m successful, what I do is I actually take a history and my history is take a good hour and a half and I’ll see what has been done, just ticking it off, what has worked, what hasn’t, and so forth. There are some people, I’ll treat them simultaneously. There’s some people, I’ll treat the bug first, and there’s some people, which is most of them, I’ll treat the leaky gut first, which includes the vitamins and minerals and maybe some liver cleansing and so forth, so I can get their body to a more alkaline state, to a more healthy state, which makes it easier for me to go after the bugs. The fact is, the bugs love an acidic environment. You make that environment inhospitable for them, you won’t kill them, but you’ll slow them down.

                                See, in the 1980s, if you remember everything was candida, candida, candida, candida. And they used to put people on these horrible, horrible, strict diets and everybody stopped because it was too strict and it didn’t kill the candida, slowed them down to a crawl, but it didn’t kill them. You can’t starve them out because all they’ll do is go back into their little capsules and hang out like this because they’ve taken those capsules out of the intestines of mummies, put them into a nutrient broth and they start replicating. So you’re not going to get away with it, all right? And that goes for most things, but if you want to make the fish better, you treat the water. You want to make the body better, treat the body, then treat the bug. That’s not always true.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, so essentially what you’re telling us that what we want to do is do the repair first, then do the remove.

Dr. Armine:         Excuse me, yes. That’s the way I usually do it, but that’s the way I-

Dr. Weitz:            How do we fix these cell membranes? You’ve given us some of the things to do, now we have using phospholipids?

Dr. Armine:         Well, you want to fix the cell membrane, you want to give it what it needs to fix. So aside from the vitamins and minerals and everything else I said, if you want to supply people with phospholipids, you can either give them phospholipids or they’re going to need, and I know I’m going to get it, they’re going to need animal fats or they’re going to need a arachidonic acid. I know my vegan patients will really go after me for it. You also want to think about butyrate, and there’s a liquid butyrate that I suggest, which because if you open butyrate capsules, it smells like somebody dragged a dead body into your house and left it there for two weeks, or Gut+ or Tributyrin 350 is butyrate that’s been put into a triglycerides, so it spreads it out, time releases it.

                                If the immune system is weak in your opinion, or you have a test that you’re looking down, you say, “Oh my god, this is a weak immune system,” you can safely help that by using the serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin protein isolates, and they’re sold as SBI or EnteraGam, Mega IgG2000, SBI Protect, MegaMucosa, which I misspelled, and the study is right there. I have found that if somebody has a hyperactive immune system, just reacts to everything, this is probably not the thing you want to use. You want to just keep using the butyrate. If you have somebody whose immune system has been weak for a very long time, like I said, like an HIV patient… You know the worst looking food allergy test I’ve ever seen?

Dr. Weitz:            Oh, patients who have leaky gut.

Dr. Armine:         Yeah, but you have somebody who-

Dr. Weitz:            But see, everything comes up positive.

Dr. Armine:         Thank you, but it’s the opposite. The worst ones are the ones that show nothing.

Dr. Weitz:            Oh, okay.

Dr. Armine:         That means the immune system’s not working.

Dr. Weitz:            Oh, okay.

Dr. Armine:         Okay. So when I look at that and I’m like, “Mm, okay,”

Dr. Weitz:            Got to strengthen their gut immune system.

Dr. Armine:         Yeah, so some of the source of phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, the lechtin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, there’s sunflower lecithin, soil lecithin, egg lecithin. There’s liposomal PC. I know Quicksilver Scientific has that. For the mitochondria, there are wild caught fish eggs because they use fish eggs or cardiolipins for the inner membrane, that can be gotten. There’s two different products out there, and what they do is they freeze dry it without de-fating it.

Dr. Weitz:            So you say caviar will fix our leaky gut?

Dr. Armine:         Exactly. If you’ve got the money for it, use the caviar. I have a lot of patients… This actually was a lecture that was given to the Japanese doctors, and they had no problem. They were like, oh, salmon roe, they get in a bottle like that. I’m like, “Salmon Roe, we get a bottle like this and we empty out our bank accounts.” Some of the animal will be organic ghee, organic butter, and believe it or not, organic lard. And if you are looking for arachidonic acid, protein from fish, fowl, so forth, as long as it’s organic.

Dr. Weitz:            Bring on the yak.

Dr. Armine:         Bring on the yak, exactly. I put it in there as a joke because one day when one of my sons was young, he wanted to have a special party. So I emailed this place and they sent me all these different exotic meats. So if you wanted a yak burger, I could give you a yak burger. They never forget that. They never forgot that party, I’ll tell you.

Dr. Weitz:            They yacked it up.

Dr. Armine:         They yacked it up. Listen, with probiotic strains, you mentioned it before, the reason I didn’t jump right into it is because there’s so much research out with so many different strains of probiotics that do different things like inflammation, constipation, for diarrhea, for anxiety, depression. If you don’t know what to use, a simple combination of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria probably is a good way to start because that’s your basic microbiome. I personally use something that’s a spore based biotic because they tend to hold on to the insides better, make a spore biotic, stuff like that, but that’s just me.

Dr. Weitz:            Right.

Dr. Armine:         But if you don’t know what to use, a simple lactobacilli, something that has just a long list of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, I would start with, if you want to do it at all because sometimes things like Gut+ have certain prebiotics in there that tend to feed your microbiome and start building that up. People forget that microbiomes were very, very local. You ate locally, the bugs that you were eating were in the food and so forth. It’s only when we became a worldwide society do we have a lot of problems with this. So just remember that this is what you use. This is my big thing is whatever you learn, you can use it on Monday morning. Some membrane integrity is an integral part of life’s function. You can’t ignore it, and most people do. You can’t heal without patent cell membranes.

Dr. Weitz:            You just mentioned probiotics. We now have some newer probiotics on the market such as akkermansia and muciniphila. Is that something that can be helpful as far as mucus membrane restoration?

Dr. Armine:         Yeah, there’s a bunch of them that are new. I’m not passing the buck, but that’s one of those things you should discuss with your practitioner because there are real good new ones. If you have a lot of oxalate crystals, HU58, which is a very large amount of either [inaudible 00:47:57], I forget the exact name, but what it does is it’s… [inaudible 00:48:11]. Now you can see that I really am Sherlock Holmes. Sorry, I’m getting blind to my old age. Bacillus subtilis, its byproduct, its metabolism produces the oxalate degrading enzyme. They used to have that out as Nephure, but that company went the way of the dark side and sold it to big pharma, in which case you’ll never see it, but for those people who have oxalate problems, and there’s lots of them-

Dr. Weitz:            You’re saying take spore-based probiotic for patients with oxalates?

Dr. Armine:         No, I’m saying take this, which is bacillus subtilis right now. In the MegaSporeBiotic, there is bacillus subtilis. This I give one bottle for a month because it has an enormous amount in it.

Dr. Weitz:            Okay. And the name of that product is called HU-

Dr. Armine:         HU58.

Dr. Weitz:            58.

Dr. Armine:         You want to give people a high dosage of bacillus subtilis, so it’s for about a month, and then they go to the other product.

Dr. Weitz:            MegaSpore.

Dr. Armine:         MegaSpore, thank you.

Dr. Weitz:            Okay, great.

Dr. Armine:         That works really well. But in my opinion, that’s where you start and it’s really not hard to reestablish your cell membrane because the body wants it and it’s going to suck it right up. So basically if you follow fix the cells and the membranes using absorbable vitamins and minerals, sources of phospholipids, cardiolipids, fix the gut, the mucus layer using some kind of… There’s several different things. Some people are allergic to the fructooligosaccharides, in which case you can use oligosaccharides. If they are allergic to everything, try something called Sialex. The enterocytes can be healed with the SBI maybe and butyrate, and you go on from there. But liver cleanse microbiome, you can’t go wrong, and I should have put digestive enzymes on the top, you can’t go wrong by doing a core treatment on somebody.

Dr. Weitz:            So on the average, how long should a course of leaky gut treatment last?

Dr. Armine:         Well, you know something, you ask a really great question because when you and I first started, it would’ve taken a year or two years, whatever. Now anywhere from three to nine months.

Dr. Weitz:            Do you remember the Model T cars?

Dr. Armine:         Actually, I’ve been doing, just like you have, I’ve been treating leaky gut before it was called leaky gut, and then I was treating leaky gut when everybody was laughing at me, and then I was treating leaky gut when… You can always tell the pioneers because they have the arrows in their backs, and then it became a thing and lots of different products started coming out. I remember the Neuroscience Corporation had a box of products that you did one thing after another after another, and were just progressing along with each portion that can be fixed. The biggest research right now is in mitochondrial function. If you can get the mitochondrial function back, if you can fix the inner membrane, then you don’t lose all those protons, then you run ATP synthase. Now, I didn’t go through that, that’s why it’s not understandable, but the fact is that it’s getting shorter and shorter, depending, of course, on how sick the person is.

Dr. Weitz:            On the average one to three months?

Dr. Armine:         No, more three to six.

Dr. Weitz:            Three to six, okay, great.

Dr. Armine:         Yeah, I wouldn’t count on one to three months. That’s an unusual thing. And always remember the Chinese proverb. The person who says it cannot be done should not be interpreting the person who’s doing it. Here’s, for your practitioners, some-

Dr. Weitz:            Want to look up the references.

Dr. Armine:         Yeah, there you go. And I’m always happy to answer questions. My partner in Japan is Yoko Arima, who’s a certified nutritional therapist and one very intelligent woman, and basically what people ask me what I do, I say, “If your doctors told you that there’s nothing else that could be done, if you’re getting the impression your doctors think it’s in your head and you feel like nobody can help you, that is definitely in my court.” And the way you get in touch with me is just go to my website. You can schedule a 30-minute free conference and we can just chat and I can let you know if we can do anything about it. If not, I can point you in the right direction.

Dr. Weitz:            Thank you so much, Dr. Armine.

Dr. Armine:         Are you kidding? That was great. I enjoyed being with you. I appreciate you letting me be here, seriously.

 


 

Dr. Weitz:            Absolutely. And we enjoy your pearls of wisdom. Thank you for making it all the way through this episode of the Rational Wellness Podcast. For those of you who enjoy listening to the Rational Wellness Podcast, I would certainly appreciate it if you could go to Apple Podcasts or Spotify and give us a five star ratings and review. That way more people will discover the Rational Wellness Podcast.  And I wanted to let everybody know that I do have some openings for new patients, so I can see you for a functional medicine consultation for specific health issues like gut problems, autoimmune diseases, cardiometabolic conditions, or for an executive health screen, and to help you promote longevity and take a deeper dive into some of those factors that can lead to chronic diseases along the way. That usually means we’re going to do some more detailed lab work, stool testing, sometimes urine testing, and we’re going to look at a lot more details to get a better picture of your overall health from a preventative functional medicine perspective. So if you’re interested, please call my Santa Monica Weitz Sports Chiropractic and Nutrition office at 310-395-3111, and we can set you up for a new consultation for functional medicine. I’ll talk to everybody next week.

 

Dr. Maggie Ney discusses Bioidentical Hormone Replacement with Dr. Ben Weitz.

[If you enjoy this podcast, please give us a rating and review on Apple Podcasts, so more people will find The Rational Wellness Podcast. Also check out the video version on my WeitzChiro YouTube page.] 

 

Podcast Highlights

2:38  Perimenopause and Menopause.  Menopause is technically one year since your last menstrual period and the average age for most women is age 51.  Of course, there are exceptions such as if you’re on an IUD or have had uterine ablation.  Perimenopause is when your cycle starts to change a bit, such as coming a day or two late or early and is the time basically leading up to menopause.  You might notice that you can’t handle stress as well as you did and you don’t bounce back as quickly from stressors.  As we get into later perimenopause, you might notice your cycles skipping. You start getting hot flashes and night sweats and vaginal dryness.  There are over 40 different symptoms that have been attributed to perimenopause and menopause. There is a huge emotional piece, including depression and anxiety. Other symptoms include insomnia, joint pain, muscle twitches, worsening headaches and migraines, burning tongue, burning skin, and itchy skin.

8:46  The Women’s Health Initiative Study first published in 2002: Is Hormone Replacement Therapy Dangerous, Increasing the risk of breast cancer, heart disease, and stroke?  A lot of women are now afraid of taking hormones because they think that they will have an increased risk of breast cancer.  And a lot of doctors are still afraid of prescribing hormones because of this study. But this is a mistake because there were many flaws with this study.  To begin with, the average age of the women in this study who were starting to take hormones was age 63, which not when most women start to take hormones.  70% were overweight and 60% were obese and a lot of them were past smokers and had hypertension.  The estrogen used was an oral form of conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin) and synthetic form of progesterone known as a progestin (Provera).  There was a group of women who did not have a uterus, who were given only estrogen/not progestin and they actually had about 18% less breast cancer, so clearly estrogen does not cause breast cancer.  Dr. Ney feels that this study has done irreparable harm for a generation of women and 21 years later we’re still trying to educate women and doctors about bad hormone replacement therapy. (Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal WomenPrincipal Results From the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled TrialJAMA. 2002;288(3):321–333. doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321

16:24  Relative risk vs absolute risk.  In the women who took the Premarin and Provera they had a 26% increase in breast cancer and this sounds like one in four women got breast cancer. But this was the relative risk. The absolute risk is that after five years 9 extra women per 10,000 were diagnosed with breast cancer, which comes out to about one out of every 1000 women who got breast cancer, so the absolute risk is one in a thousand and not one out of four. 

19:30  Dr. Ney’s favorite recommended options for hormone replacement therapy includes the FDA-approved options for estrogen, including a patch, a gel, a spray, or the Femring.  Dr. Ney usually starts with estradiol in the patch form.  And then she usually recommends a bioidentical progesterone in an oral, micronized pill form, such as Prometrium.  You can also recommend hormones made from a compounding pharmacy that are typically in a cream, though while estrogen works well in a cream, progesterone works better in a pill.  She used to use the BiEst cream, but not as much any more.  She is also not a fan of pellets since if the dosage is too high, you can’t remove them. 

                   

            



Dr. Maggie Ney is a licensed naturopathic doctor and a Menopause Society certified practitioner. She’s the director of the Women’s Clinic at the Akasha Center for Integrative Medicine in Santa Monica, California, where she has been supporting women through perimenopause and menopause since 2006. Dr. Ney is co-founder of HelloPeri, (TheHelloPeri.com) an online resource for women going through perimenopause, and she’s been featured on The Doctors show and Goop for expertise on women’s health and hormones.  Her website is DrMaggieNey.com.

Dr. Ben Weitz is available for Functional Nutrition consultations specializing in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders like IBS/SIBO and Reflux and also Cardiometabolic Risk Factors like elevated lipids, high blood sugar, and high blood pressure.  Dr. Weitz has also successfully helped many patients with managing their weight and improving their athletic performance, as well as sports chiropractic work by calling his Santa Monica office 310-395-3111. Dr. Weitz is also available for video or phone consultations.

 



 

Podcast Transcript

Dr. Weitz:            Hey, this is Dr. Ben Weitz, host of the Rational Wellness Podcast. I talk to the leading health and nutrition experts and researchers in the field to bring you the latest in cutting-edge health information. Subscribe to the Rational Wellness Podcast for weekly updates. And to learn more, check out my website, drweitz.com. Thanks for joining me, and let’s jump into the podcast.

                                Hello, Rational Wellness podcasters. Today, we will be discussing bio-identical hormone replacement therapy with Dr. Maggie Ney. Today, we’ll be discussing the potential benefits and drawbacks of recommending hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. After menopause, women often experience a number of symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, sleep problems, vaginal dryness and atrophy. Postmenopausal women also have an increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis.  It was common for MDs to prescribe hormone replacement therapy prior to the Women’s Health Initiative, which in 2002 reported that postmenopausal women who take hormone replacement therapy have an increased risk of heart attack, strokes, and breast cancer. After the Women’s Health Initiative study was published, most MDs stopped prescribing hormones to postmenopausal women.  However, additional analysis of this study has led quite a number of doctors and researchers to conclude that these conclusions may only apply to women who take estrogen derived from horse urine and synthetic progestins, and who don’t start taking hormones until an average of 10 years after menopause. We could probably add some more caveats to that as well.

                                Dr. Maggie Ney is a licensed naturopathic doctor and a Menopause Society certified practitioner. She’s a director of the Women’s Clinic at the Akasha Center for Integrative Medicine in Santa Monica, California, where she has been supporting women through perimenopause and menopause since 2006. Dr. Ney is co-founder of HelloPeri, an online resource for women going through perimenopause, and she’s been featured on The Doctors show and Goop for expertise on women’s health and hormones.  Dr. Ney, thank you so much for joining us.

Dr. Ney:               Thanks for having me. I’m happy to be here.

Dr. Weitz:            That’s great. Before we get into hormones, perhaps we could define a few of the terms like perimenopause and menopause.

Dr. Ney:               Absolutely. Yeah, there’s a lot of confusion, especially since I’ve been really diving into perimenopause and talking about it more. A lot of people are like, “What the heck’s that?” So, menopause is technically one year since your last menstrual period, and the average age for most women is around 51 years old. But again, that definition of one year without your period is tricky if you don’t have a uterus or if you’re on an IUD or uterine ablation. It gets a little confusing if you don’t have your period as a barometer.  So, in that case, there’s certain lab testing, and we go by symptoms to determine if you’re in menopause. And specifically if you’re curious and you’re not getting your period, generally two readings of an FSH over 35 and an estradiol under 30 or so are pretty confirmatory that you’re in menopause. So, technically menopause is one day, right? It’s one year since your last menstrual period. Everything after that is considered post-menopause.  I consider it the menopausal years because post-menopause gives this idea and perpetuates this myth that menopause is over, and maybe we’ll talk more about that. But it’s really you’re living the rest of your life in these post-menopausal low hormone years, and that can have different symptoms and affects everyone a little differently. And then, perimenopause is the time basically leading up to menopause. It’s around menopause when hormones start to shift. They start to shift, and it can be very subtle.  And it can last for some people a decade before your final menstrual period. And I see perimenopause as this just forgotten, neglected time for women where women are having all these new symptoms that they haven’t had before. And then, they see their healthcare practitioners who aren’t really aware that these hormonal changes can be affecting their health, and women feel unheard, and maybe they’re referred to a psychiatrist, a gastroenterologists, a neurologist. I have so many people who’ve had all these specialists, cardiologists, and really it’s this perimenopausal year.

                                So, it’s like my mission, it’s my joy, it’s my passion to share this so that every woman is knowledgeable and empowered as they enter this time. And I should say some of the major symptoms of perimenopause, the main ones are your cycle starts to change a little bit. And again, I divide perimenopause into early and late. So, early perimenopause, maybe you’re starting to notice your cycle coming a day or two early, or you might be noticing a big one is feeling less resilient, right?  So, the stress you used to be able to handle a lot and now it just becomes too much. You don’t bounce back as quickly or stressors that you used to be able to manage now just feel very overwhelming. And then, as we get a little later into perimenopause, you might notice your cycles are skipping. You’re getting more hot flashes and night sweats, vaginal dryness. But really, there’s over 40 symptoms attributed to perimenopause and menopause, and it truly does affect everyone differently.

Dr. Weitz:            Maybe you can highlight a few that are often overlooked.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. Really, the emotional piece is so huge. So, depression, anxiety, I mean, 70% of women going through the menopause transition have some mood change that’s significant. And about 60% of women who have a history of depression will have a recurrence. So, a lot of the mood symptoms, the inability to sleep. So, insomnia may be the first symptom to come up, but there’s other ones really, because there’s estrogen and progesterone receptors all throughout our body.   So, joint pain, you can get tingling. I have someone with muscle twitches, worsening headaches, worsening migraines, burning tongue, burning skin, itchy skin. There’s a long list.

Dr. Weitz:            So, on perimenopause, is progesterone the first hormone that really drops, or is it estrogen?

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. Really, we consider progesterone to be the first hormone to begin to drop during a perimenopause. And so, some of those symptoms can be a little bit more anxiety, difficulty sleeping, but also some more spotting or earlier menstrual bleeding, like your period coming a day or two early.

Dr. Weitz:            Okay. Yeah. Because you mentioned measuring estrogen as a way to know if you’re in perimenopause. What about measuring progesterone?

Dr. Ney:               So, I was speaking before about if you’re unsure if you’re in menopause and you’re not getting your period.

Dr. Weitz:            Oh, if you’re in menopause. Oh, okay.

Dr. Ney:               Okay. Testing for hormones, again during perimenopause is a little tricky because hormones do naturally fluctuate.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, they’re going all over the place.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. You don’t need a blood test to diagnose you as being in perimenopause, which again, controversial. I mean, controversial in the sense that some doctors are like, “Oh, your labs are fine. You can’t be perimenopausal because you can have normal looking labs.” But again, there are certain times of your cycle that if you’re really trained in this, you can test and get an idea of where someone is. But with the perimenopause, you got to take with a grain of salt because you can know from one cycle to another cycle, it can be vastly different.  So, if you’re looking, you asked about progesterone, typically, we would want to look about a week after you ovulate, which is generally a week before you expect to get your period. You can check your progesterone levels and you want to see it around 10 or above, and you can really confirm ovulation. Sometimes during perimenopause, that will be lower like seven or eight or five. You can tell you ovulated, but the production of progesterone is low.  But really with perimenopause, while labs can be helpful and useful, it’s your story. It’s your symptoms, and it’s working with a trained clinician who can really help guide you through this.

Dr. Weitz:            I talk to a lot of women that are afraid of taking hormones. They think they’re going to have an increased risk of breast cancer, and a lot of doctors are still not okay with prescribing hormones. So, what did we learn from the 2002 Women’s Health Initiative? Is taking hormones going to increase a women’s risk of breast cancer, heart disease, and blood clots?

Dr. Ney:               All right. We learned a lot from the Women’s Health Initiative, and I will share just a personal story that the summer of 2002, which is when the Women’s Health Initiative results were aired. I remember where I was… I don’t know if you remember this then, but it was the summer before I started medical school. I was sitting on my mom’s bed. I think I was watching Days of Our Lives and TV was interrupted. This was the age when we interrupt this television show for an important word from your network. And it was someone standing up there saying Women’s Health Initiatives stopped short. There’s a higher rate of breast cancer, heart disease, stroke.  It was scary. And I remember sitting there and being like, “Thank goodness I’m going to naturopathic medical school. I can learn about all these other therapies.” So, as I was diving into this and looking at the research and following the research, we really know now that there were a lot of flaws to that study. We can spend probably hours unpacking it, but let’s get started a little bit to what’s most relevant.

                                Prior to the Women’s Health Initiative, most doctors were giving hormones because they were noticing women were doing really well. They felt really good, and it seemed like there was less heart disease and women were living longer, but there were no double-blind placebo controlled study. And came the Women’s Health Initiative that started in the late ’90s, and it was the first double-blind placebo controlled study looking at hormones. So, very big deal. It was stopped short a little bit after five years because of a higher incidence of breast cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Obviously, big deal.  This announcement, I should say, came out before any doctor really had a chance to look at the study, but it did irreparable harm and for a generation of women, we’re still trying to educate women and doctors about bad hormone replacement therapy. So, basically when we look at the study, there were some flaws in hindsight, like people criticize the study. I mean, I think there were a lot of good things we learned about hormones, a lot of the benefits we talk about hormones come from this study, but you got to look at where there were mistakes and errors.

                                So, first of all, because they knew that hormones really did help with symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats, and they were mostly concerned of like, “Hey, people are doing great. They’re living longer, they have less heart disease. Does it really do this?” So, the average age of participant was much older. Most women did not have any symptoms. So, the average age was about 63, which is not when most women start hormones.  And then, if you look at a little bit more detailed, a lot of the women, like 70% were overweight, 60% were obese, where a lot of them were past smokers. A lot of them had hypertension. So, there were some preexisting cardiovascular conditions to begin with. And again, most women were older. And then, you look at the forms of the hormones used. So, the estrogen was an oral estrogen. It was conjugated equine estrogen, often labeled CEE or Premarin. And there were two groups to this study.  There was this group of women that had a uterus and a group of women that did not have a uterus, because we learned before this study that if you give estrogen alone to women with a uterus, you’re increasing their chance of getting uterine cancer. But when you give progesterone, or progestin or progestogen. Progestogen is this umbrella term that encompasses progestin, which is a synthetic progesterone and a progesterone. But they discovered if you gave a progestin that uterine cancer, that risk is negated. So, it’s back to baseline.

                                So, they had a group of women who had a uterus. They were given Premarin, which is the conjugated equine horse urine metabolites of estrogen. And they were given Provera, which is an oral progestin, which really is not used much today. And the other arm of the study was just given Premarin. A little after five years, they saw that there was a higher incidence of breast cancer. So, more women were being diagnosed with breast cancer in the estrogen and progestin arm, not in the estrogen only, which below people’s mind.  So, I’m going to say it again. The women who just took the Premarin actually had about 18% less breast cancer. It wasn’t the estrogen that we know. Estrogen does not cause breast cancer. So, you look at the arm that did have, it did show a little bit more, and I say a little. I’m going to go into how the media took the data and really went wild with it.

Dr. Weitz:            Now, let me just challenge you a little bit, not from that study, but to some of the women’s fears about taking estrogen is they’ve also heard that there’s estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. And we also know that giving drugs to block estrogen is often a treatment for women with breast cancer.

Dr. Ney:               Yes, true. Very good point. And that makes a lot of sense intuitively. Well, if you’re taking a drug to block estrogen, why would give estrogen not cause an issue? Breast cancer is very complicated. A lot of variables are involved, and certainly there are breast tumors that grow in the presence of estrogen. So, giving estrogen would cause that tumor to grow, which is one argument of why perhaps the tumors were showing up maybe a little earlier because maybe it was being diagnosed earlier, but estrogen doesn’t cause the tumor to grow. But if you had a tumor that grew in the presence of estrogen, it could stimulate its growth.  So, what they found in the arm that took estrogen, the Premarin and the Provera, was that there was about… sorry, there was a higher incidence of breast cancer diagnosis, not death, but diagnosis. So, that stopped people short. And we also found in both groups that there was a higher incidence of heart disease and stroke. So, in unpacking, let’s talk a little bit about breast cancer, because we know that with the Premarin only, there was a reduced risk.  And with the estrogen, the Premarin and Provera, there was a slight increased risk. So, when we look at that arm, then it seems logical it was the Provera, the synthetic progesterone, and we know that Provera isn’t as breast or metabolically friendly as our bioidentical or oral micronized progesterone. That’s one leading theory that why there was more breast cancer.  The other one, and this is Avrum Bluming who wrote Estrogen Matters, great book, but he talks about how in the control group, so the group that didn’t have any hormones, but that was comparing to the people who took the Premarin and Provera. The people in that group actually had a history of taking hormones. So, their baseline was actually lower. And when you take that into consideration, there wasn’t…

Dr. Weitz:            Oh, interesting.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. Isn’t that fascinating?

Dr. Weitz:            Wow.

Dr. Ney:               So, those are the two leading theories that it was the Provera or both, that maybe the control group had a lower risk to begin with.

Dr. Weitz:            Interesting.

Dr. Ney:               So, the news came out, 26% increase in breast cancer. Whoa, that sounds a lot, right? It sounds like one in four women got breast cancer. Again, when we look at the data, we have to look at how the research and data is being presented. And there’s this idea of absolute risk and relative risk when we’re presenting and looking at research. And we know from the Women’s Health Initiative, and at least that 26% increased risk of breast cancer that was on every newspaper and every newscaster, which sounds to me and everyone else like it’s one in four women was the relative risk.  The absolute risk is the actual number. And it was after year five, nine extra women per 10,000 women that were diagnosed with breast cancer. So, that comes to about one out of 1000 women. Every patient counts. That’s something, one person per 1000.

Dr. Weitz:            But it’s not one out of four.

Dr. Ney:               It certainly sounds a lot different than one out of four. So, it’s the relative risk, absolute risk that really needs to be looked at when we’re interpreting data.

Dr. Weitz:            And we also know that oral estrogen tends to lead to blood clots, which is why very few functional medicine, integrative doctors are recommending oral estrogen. And yet I still see oral estrogen. Often when primary care doctors, or when conventional doctors do recommend hormones, they typically use an oral estrogen still.

Dr. Ney:               Interesting. Yeah. If they’re going to use oral, they’re usually not using Premarin anymore. They’re using oral 17 beta-estradiol or bioidentical estradiol. We know that oral estrogen from the Women’s Health Initiative does increase risk of blood clots. When you take oral estrogen, like one out of 1000 women extra cases of blood clot is significant because when you take oral estrogen, it has to be metabolized through the liver. And when it gets metabolized through the liver, it creates more clotting factors that increases your risk. I do always use transdermal. There’s a few cases when oral because transdermal isn’t working. We might try oral.  For the vast majority of women that have no health history, had no heart disease who’ve been pregnant, who’ve maybe been on a pill and have never had a clot, it actually could be okay. But because you can be on hormone replacement for the rest of your life, and risk of clot does increase as you get older, why start? It’s the way I see. If it was a short term, and for some women it is, but for most women, it’s a lifelong journey of being on hormones to optimize their health for women.  So, if it was a couple years and oral was, they want it because it’s easy, it’s cool. But because it’s a long time, I prefer just getting people started on the transdermal route and there’s a lot of options.

Dr. Weitz:            So, what are your favorite options?

Dr. Ney:               Well, I educate. I really do. I think this education piece for women about what their options are is not often given. We always use bioidentical hormones. I should say that bioidentical hormones for many conventional practitioners, it’s cringey. It causes this emotional reaction because they’re like, “It doesn’t even mean anything.”

Dr. Weitz:            I just had a whole discussion with my primary care doctor about that. It doesn’t really mean anything. I said, “Yes, it does.”

Dr. Ney:               And they’re like, “It’s a true medical definition.” Bioidentical, that term came after the Women’s Health Initiative, and it came out as like, “You’re not using those. You’re using something safer and more natural.” And that led to more compounding pharmacies and some pellets. Anyway. So, the definitions, no one really knows what it means, but I’ll tell you what it means. When we are using it, it’s hormones that have the same molecular structure as our own hormones.

Dr. Weitz:            Conjugated equine estrogen is completely different.

Dr. Ney:               Completely different, yet it bind to the same receptors, but it has a different response in the body. So, bioidentical hormones, and this is important that I think is often confused. There are FDA-approved bioidentical hormone options that you can get through any pharmacy. And then, there’s compounding bioidentical hormones. I educate people on both, and I think what I see most is that a lot of women think you can only get bioidenticals from compounding pharmacies. They do do compounding. I mean, you can but you can also get it from your CVS or Rite Aid or Costco. There’s options.  So, the FDA-approved options for estradiol can come in a patch, can come in a gel, can come in a spray, and can come in a ring. And then, usually, the bioidentical progesterone can come in as an oral form, oral micronized progesterone. And then, there’s some combination patches that have the transdermal estradiol combined with a progestin, so not the bioidentical, but usually which one of the progestins, like levonorgestrel. I’m blanking on the other one, but a progestin combined with the bioidentical estradiol.

                                So, those are the FDA-approved, and then there’s a ring called Femring that delivers bioidentical estradiol. So, you can get all those from your regular pharmacy. Compounding pharmacies, again, can deliver the estradiol and progesterone in various forms. I am a promoter of oral progesterone rather than the creams for the uterine protection. It works really well. It also helps more with sleep and the nervous system response because of its increased production of, or stimulating the GABA receptors. But compounding estradiol, it can come in a lozenge or cream, comes in many different forms.

Dr. Weitz:            So, what’s your favorite form of estrogen to use? And a lot of doctors who use compounded typically are using the Bi-Est which is a combination of estradiol and estriol.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. I usually start with estradiol. I usually like the patch, to be honest with you. It’s well tolerated. It’s covered by insurance, and it’s been really easy for my patients. So, that’s usually what I’ll start with. I’ll usually start with the patch and Prometrium or oral micronized progesterone. These are the FDA-approved hormones. I usually start with that. I don’t do as much Bi-Est. I used to when I first started out, did more Bi-Est. I don’t anymore. It’s more harder to… first, I don’t know if it’s really needed to add in that estriol. I think our body can convert estradiol to estriol with good liver function. I think estradiol is the one that has the most potent effect in the body.

Dr. Weitz:            Well, the other reason for recommending the Bi-Est is with the idea that the estriol is a weaker estrogen, and maybe it makes it even safer.

Dr. Ney:               Exactly. That’s the argument for the Bi-Est. It can be harder to titrate because if you want to go up a little bit, then you’re upping… sometimes estriol can be at a higher dose. It might be too much. So, I don’t tend to go to Bi-Est, but it is an option. I have people who want it, and I discuss pros and cons. And I certainly have some patients that are on it, for sure.

Dr. Weitz:            Okay. So, you like the patch. What about some of the other forms? What about pellets?

Dr. Ney:               I’m not a fan of pellets personally, because I see the woman in my office that come in with side effects. They come in with their testosterone in the 200 range. It really should be under 70. And they’re irritable and they’re angry and their hair is falling out, and they have acne. And I can’t do anything about it, really. I can support their liver. I can give them emotional support, but you really have to wait those about three months. I know some people really love pellets. It’s not something that I recommend because there is, I feel a lack of safety data. And you’re getting super physiological doses of these hormones.  How do you feel about pellets, Ben?

Dr. Weitz:            I think as you said, the problem is once you put the pellet in, if it turns out that it’s too much, there’s nothing you can do about it until it takes three months or so. So, I think it’s a problem. I guess some women like the pellets because they don’t have to apply the cream. They don’t have to worry about taking a pill every day. You just forget about it. But I think if you are going to use pellets, you probably need to start low and slowly build it up. But who wants to wait?

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. I just don’t do it. I don’t like giving something that I can’t reverse quickly. A lot of women on pellets actually don’t know that there are other options that that’s not really an FDA-approved option. Yeah, it’s something I don’t feel comfortable doing. I’ve talked to women. I was just at a talk this last weekend and some doctors on it and promoting it. It’s something I just don’t feel comfortable. And you know what? My patients feel amazing. I don’t feel like I’m missing something in my toolbox to help people feel sensational. My women feel amazing doing something safe and studied and feel good about that.

Dr. Weitz:            So, when it comes to progesterone, there’s normal fluctuations in progesterone, and typically progesterone is higher for two weeks out of the month, and so some doctors feel that you want to try to duplicate that natural rhythm of the body. So, they’ll give women progesterone for two weeks instead of every day. What do you think about that?

Dr. Ney:               Let’s divide it up into perimenopause and post menopause. So, yes, our natural cycle has progesterone that’s being produced two weeks out of the month. So, it does make sense. Why don’t we just dose it and match the cycle? That intuitively makes sense. I do present that to women as an option because for the uterine protection, you really need it for like 12 days out of the month minimum. A lot of women actually love their progesterone. They’re sleeping better. They want to take it every night, in which case police take it. I usually give people the choice to see what resonates with them. You give women good information, they tend to are able to make the decision that feels right to them. So, I usually present it as both.  There’s no studies… I do, I am research-based. There is no studies that say taking it two weeks out of the month is better than every day. So, I do present the option. For some women, that idea of cycling, it really resonates with them. For other women, they actually don’t like progesterone. A small percentage of women do feel worse on progesterone, in which case they want to take it for the fewer days of the month. So, that’s an option.

Dr. Weitz:            One of the downsides is you get your period back, right?

Dr. Ney:               No. You don’t, because we don’t dose estrogen high enough. You have to go really high in estrogen to really get your period back. But there is maybe a more chance of spotting, right?

Dr. Weitz:            Spotting. Okay, I see.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. Certainly if you’re finding that you’re spotting, we would definitely do it nightly to prevent that from happening. But the dose we use for hormone replacement, technically it’s called MHT, menopause hormone therapy. Because those doses are really quite low. And then, in perimenopause, again, I get the option. Sometimes cycling it can help elongate that luteal phase the last two weeks. You take it for a full two weeks, it can help stretch that cycle out. It can help prevent spotting.  I often find that because the cycles are a little irregular, it gets to be annoying for people and confusing of like, “When do I start? When do I do it? Do I stop? I got my period three days early.” So, I usually will say, “Totally fine. You can take it every day or just don’t take it during your bleed week and then start taking it.” It can be a little confusing during perimenopause when your cycles are irregular to cycle it, but some people do and they really like that.

Dr. Weitz:            Now, for women who are taking estrogen and progesterone daily, do you periodically give them a week off?

Dr. Ney:               Again, individualized, not routinely. If they’re getting their periods, sometimes we’ll say, “You can stop the hormones that week,” for some women, but you just certainly don’t need to.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah. I guess the concept is because hormones normally fluctuate and now you’re taking the same identical level of hormones every single day by not taking it for a week, or somehow you’re producing something that’s more natural.

Dr. Ney:               Right, that’s the idea, really mimicking our body’s natural cycle. So, yes, you could take that bleed week off. You can then start up with estrogen and then add in progesterone for the second half of your cycle. Again, I do discuss that as an option. A lot of women just feel so much better on the hormones, so they want to take it, and I think it’s safe. The research is daily. It doesn’t show any difference in safety data. But I understand that idea of matching the cycle resonates with a lot of women.

                                But I should also say, and especially during perimenopause, we can have worse symptoms when our estrogen levels drop like headaches, worsening hot flashes, and some of that happens on the first few days of your cycle, in which case sometimes for women who get that headache during perimenopause right before their cycle, a little transdermal estrogen getting into your period can actually be really helpful because it just gets cuts that keeps that. It’s the drop in estrogen for many women that trigger a headache. And that happens before your periods.  You give a woman a real low dose estradiol level during that drop and some of the headaches can go away.

Dr. Weitz:            Do you have any women just taking progesterone only?

Dr. Ney:               Totally, yes. Both during peri and post menopause, I like to stagger in producing hormones so women can know how it’s affecting their body individually. So, generally during perimenopause, especially early perimenopause, sometimes progesterone is all you need. I have a lot of women just on progesterone. If they have heavy menstrual flow, spotting, insomnia, the progesterone can be all you need.

Dr. Weitz:            What do you think about a woman in her 70s take who wants to initiate hormone replacement, either because they’re still having hot flashes or they want to prevent Alzheimer’s or they’re still having trouble sleeping?

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. Unfortunately, there’s a massive group of women who were really denied this option. And now with more education coming out with having more women talking about it, we were like, “What the heck? I missed out. I want it.” It’s a different conversation. It’s a different conversation than what I’m having with you because right now, I’m going to answer your question, but I’ll step back and say what we know is that when you start within the first 10 years of your last menstrual period, or generally before age 60, women have less risk of heart disease, less risk of diabetes.

                                They live longer, 30% longer perhaps because of the less risk of heart disease, which is the number one killer of women. And what we know, and even the research with brain health, it’s really about starting early because of two theories, the timing hypothesis, which is like there’s this optimal window of starting, which is why I’m so passionate about educating perimenopausal women. So, they have all the information before they sometimes even get to the point of needing it because there is this optimal… hormones are good for you when your cells are healthy, when your vasculature, it’s healthy.

                                It’s called timing hypothesis. So, you want to start within the first 10 years of menopause, or healthy cell bias, which is like hormones are good when your cells and vasculature are healthy, but they can start to potentially lead to symptoms when you go longer without your body seeing hormones. So, the conversation is definitely different if I’m talking to a 70-year-old woman. By that time, we know that hormones can actually increase your risk of strokes. And the data is a little nuanced, but it seems to not be as good for brain health. And I think it all just comes down to the vasculature.

                                Estrogen is so good at keeping our blood vessels buoyant and helping produce nitric oxide, and then when you go a long time without seeing estrogen, they can develop more plaque, which naturally happens with age, get a little harder. And then, it seems that when you introduce estrogen later after that 10-year window, instead of the normal anti-inflammatory effect, it has more of a pro-inflammatory effect. It shakes things up a little.  The vessels are like, “Ooh. What’s going on? Hello? They haven’t seen estrogen in so long.” And sometimes those little plaques can be chipped off a vessel and can lead to the strokes or heart attack. The risk is not huge.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah. I did hear somebody discussing the concept that plaques might become softened and unstable as a result of introducing estrogen.

Dr. Ney:               Yes. I will say the risk is highest in the first year, and then it doesn’t just increase the longer you take hormones. I think it’s the first six to 12 months that the risk of an adverse effect like that happening. So, it’s a different conversation. The benefits aren’t as big, the risks are greater. I really believe in shared decision making. I give my opinion. I go over all the research, and together we make a decision that feels right for the person. When they understand risks, benefits, women can make the best decision for themselves, and I support them.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah. Dr. Dale Bredesen, who’s a neurologist, who’s pioneered a functional medicine integrative approach to preventing and reversing Alzheimer’s, is finding that using hormone replacement even in, women in their later years initiating it then can be very helpful for brain health.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, no, I’ve heard that. I’ve heard from him. And yeah, estrogen does help brain cells neuroplasticity. He’s really pioneering that.

Dr. Weitz:            Right, yeah. Let’s see. For women who never took hormones, but they want to do something about the vaginal symptoms, the dryness, the atrophy, what do you recommend for that?

Dr. Ney:               Okay, such a good question. So, under talked about and appreciated in the medical community, well, there’s a few options, but I’m just going to say vaginal estrogen is good for all women. Every woman will experience changes in their vulva, vestibule, vaginal tissue. It can affect the bladder. Sometimes if a woman’s only having those vaginal symptoms, then you can give local estrogen. There’s a lot of options.

Dr. Weitz:            Estradiol, estriol.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, either one. Let’s go through the FDA and the compounding, I definitely use both here. The FDA A approved, there’s a vaginal cream, which works beautifully. I would like to share with people. The general recommendation is to insert it vaginally. I always have people put it on the outside too. That’s what’s so great about the cream is you can massage it into your labia and your clitoris, your urethra, and it really can be beneficial. So, there’s estradiol cream, very low dose. There is tablets that you can insert vaginally. Again, that doesn’t always address the outside.

                                So, sometimes if someone doesn’t like the leaking with the cream when they put it inside, I’ll have them do the tablet inside and the estrogen, the cream on the outside. There’s a ring, Estring, which works, set it and forget it. You put it in for three months and take it out. And that’s the local one. There’s the Femring that’s systemic estradiol, but the Estring is local estradiol. Again, even with that, I still will encourage people to put a little cream on just the outside. And there is now FDA-approved form of DHEA.

Dr. Weitz:            Right. I was going to ask about that. Yeah.

Dr. Ney:               So great. So, our vaginal tissue is loaded with estrogen, testosterone receptors.

Dr. Weitz:            There’s even one DHEA vaginal product that’s over the counter.

Dr. Ney:               I know, I heard actually. I think you had someone on your podcast.

Dr. Weitz:            Yes, yes, yes.

Dr. Ney:               And I was, “Oh, my God. What is that product?”

Dr. Weitz:            Fiona McCulloch.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. She was talking about… I got to find that. I know that also there’s a doctor who sells a cream that has a DHEA in it. So, there are some over the counter options. So, what DHEA does, some people are drawn, well, sometimes DHEA, the androgen, which is considered, and androgen is to DHEA, testosterone. It’s considered the male hormones which is just wrong because women have plenty of it and need it. But sometimes that works better for women. Women need that, they respond better. So, the DHEA vaginally gets absorbed and then the cells makes estrogen and testosterone.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, it’s Bezwecken DHEA Cubes.

Dr. Ney:               Okay, amazing. How much DHEA is in there?

Dr. Weitz:            B-E-Z-W-E-C-K-E-N.

Dr. Ney:               Amazing. Do you know how much DHEA does it say is in there or they just say it? We can look later.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, it’s cocoa butter, DHEA, vitamin E, beeswax.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. Some nice soothing ingredients. The one that’s FDA-approved is 6.5 milligrams. You do it nightly. There is also an estradiol insert, it’s with cocoa butter too, so it can melt a little, address the outside. Those are all FDA-approved options. Compounding, you can get that estriol. Estriol again, is that hormone we talked about that’s a little weaker.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, it looks like 13 milligrams of DHEA.

Dr. Ney:               Oh, okay. All right.

Dr. Weitz:            There’s also a vaginal testosterone.

Dr. Ney:               Yes. Not over the counter? I mean. I prescribed it through-

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, not over the counter.

Dr. Ney:               Yes. Through compounding pharmacy, it can be so helpful for women that test their, it’s really the lower third of our vaginal canal is just loaded with testosterone receptors, and so adding that to a little estradiol or a little estriol, you do have to get it compounded, can be such a powerful therapy to address the dryness and sexual discomfort. Because really, no woman should have to go through that, and it doesn’t have to be this normal part of aging. There are so many options. Also, increased urinary tract infections, which we see with women during this time can be due to the lower estrogen. So, really supporting that is important.

Dr. Weitz:            And hyaluronic acid can also be beneficial for lubrication.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, so hyaluronic acid helps to retain moisture, so it can be very helpful and you can get through a compounding pharmacy. You can compound estriol with hyaluronic acid. It’s a nice addition. It works beautifully.

Dr. Weitz:            Okay, cool. So, how do we track hormones? What’s the best way to test for hormones?

Dr. Ney:               Let’s break it up into peri and post. During perimenopause, our hormones fluctuate so much that you don’t really, I mean, I always do get a baseline, but you don’t need to, I should say get that baseline because they do change so much. And you can go by symptoms and see how a woman feels. But generally, if you want to get an idea where your hormones are at the second or third day of your cycle, you can get a hormone panel. Generally, progesterone will be low there. I see so many women are like, “Look, I have no progesterone. Help me.” And I’m like, “This was done on a part of your cycle when you don’t make any.” I can’t tell how many times.

                                I even have to correct doctors on that. So, you do hormone second, third day. That’s because that FSH, that follicle stimulating hormone, that’s the time of the cycle where if there is decreased egg quality, egg reserve, or you’re approaching perimenopause, that FSH starts to increase. So, generally, if your FSH is above 10 on that second or third of your cycle, you can assume you’re in this process. But next cycle, it could be normal. Another cycle, it could be super high. It does fluctuate a lot. And then, in post-

Dr. Weitz:            And the best day to test to manage progesterone?

Dr. Ney:               It’s generally a week after you ovulate or a week before you expect to get your period. So, if you have a 28-day cycle, generally like day 21, 19, 20, 21, 22 is that window where you can look at progesterone. And you can confirm ovulation, which is really helpful because some women don’t know if they’re ovulating. So, that’s an easy test to do.

Dr. Weitz:            And we have different ways of testing hormones. We have serum. We have blood spot. We have urine. We have saliva.

Dr. Ney:               Yes, we do. And I think every practitioner feels strongly or maybe not about this or has their test they really like. I tend to do blood. It’s easy. They have solid reference ranges. There’s pros and cons. I know that saliva can look more at the bioavailable hormone. The urine test, which I’ll use sometimes, looks at how you’re metabolizing hormones. But I’ll say in my clinical experience, because I’ve been doing this for 18 years and I’ve dabbled with all of those tests, I really find that listening to someone’s story, getting them feeling amazing, getting them on hormones, I don’t need it in their out-of-pocket expenses. And I know that people will argue with this with me.

                                I’ve had big discussions with people that I should be doing the DUTCH tests on everyone. But if someone’s feeling amazing and I can assess like breast tenderness, any of these symptoms that suggest that I need to really dive deeper. Sometimes if I’m reaching obstacles for someone feeling sensational, really, maybe I’ll do it to see what’s going on. But overall, I can learn a lot from symptoms. I understand some of the therapies that might be used, if you push down the two, the 16, the four pathway to support COMT. You can gain so much from someone’s story.

                                I just don’t want to devalue that and their symptoms and the dose you’re putting on someone that I often find that I just don’t need it. And some people want it because they’re so educated. They listen. They know what it can provide, and we do it. And I can analyze the test. But I haven’t found, for me personally, that it’s been a game-changer that I’ve needed it to really help people get to hormonal balance. I do look at the gut microbiome. That’s huge.  So, yeah, I usually do blood unless I really am like, “What’s going on here? I’m reaching this obstacle.” Then I may do one of the more functional tests. It’s covered by insurance. It’s pretty easy. I do let people know everything. Again, I do a lot of educating, let people know of all the tests. I don’t get a lot of pushback. People feel good. People feel good.

Dr. Weitz:            So, besides prescribing estrogen and progesterone for menopausal women, do you ever prescribe testosterone, DHEA, pregnenolone, oxytocin?

Dr. Ney:               I do prescribe testosterone. I usually start estrogen, progesterone because that can affect testosterone levels and I see how women do, but I will prescribe testosterone. It’s crazy, but it’s not FDA-approved for women, even though it’s such an important hormone for energy, mood, metabolism, brain health, musculoskeletal health, bone health. But it’s not FDA-approved for women. I will recommend it. I do get a compounded. You have two choices when it comes to treating with testosterone.   You can use the FDA-approved option for men, AndroGel, at 1/10 the dose. Women don’t like that. It’s confusing. Everyone’s like, “Just get…” I always educate but yes, I’ll usually get a compounded testosterone cream. I do test for testosterone. I do want the baseline, and it is a controlled substance too, so you need that data. But I prescribe testosterone a lot for women.  And then, DHEA, yes, I again test and see if they are low. So, generally, if it’s under 100, I may give a little DHEA. It’s one of those things that’s not as well researched. There is some data in animals and elderly that it does increase longevity and wellbeing. It is a precursor hormone. That’s for sure. We know it works vaginally.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, it was included in that phase study that was the first study that showed a reversal of epigenetic aging.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, it has definitely. I consider it almost like this indirect biomarker of the aging process. It’s interesting when you start testing. Some people are in 20s and 30s and it’s like, “Let’s just get that up there.” I think the issue with this DHEA, which I find interesting is that it’s available over the counter. Amazing. Great. I think all options should be available, but at like 50 milligrams, you could easily get that. And that to me is too high to start a woman on [inaudible 00:46:01].

Dr. Weitz:            Oh, you can get it at five, 10.

Dr. Ney:               Right. But it’s available. So, some women reach for that.

Dr. Weitz:            Oh, okay.

Dr. Ney:               So, I like to just educate, hey, if you’re a woman, start with a five or 10 milligrams because that’s the place to start. I have seen side effects at too high of a dose, like anger, irritability, or acne. So, I just like to educate women on that. But overall, I either see people who don’t notice a difference or they notice that they have even more energy, more stamina with the DHEA. But sure, it is something I’ll try for women when they test. Generally under a 100, and I’ll give a little DHEA and see how they respond.

Dr. Weitz:            Is there a benefit to pregnenolone?

Dr. Ney:               Some doctors love pregnenolone. I just don’t use it a lot. I know that there are, because it depends on [inaudible 00:46:48].

Dr. Weitz:            It also depends on whether or not you test for it.

Dr. Ney:               True. True. I don’t always test for it. Do you use pregnenolone a lot?

Dr. Weitz:            Well, as a chiropractor, right, we can’t prescribe anything. But pregnenolone is available over the counter, so we do use it sometimes.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah. Some of my patients notice when we do use it, they notice better-

Dr. Weitz:            I feel like it rounds out the whole hormone picture as a precursor.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, it definitely makes sense like that. Yeah. And again, it’s not one of my go-tos, but I have patients on it. I have dabbled in it. It’s just not usually something that’s my go-to.

Dr. Weitz:            Right. Okay. Let’s see. What about nutritional supplements for women in menopause?

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, again, very individualized, but generally, I really like, well, mitochondria support, I do like because really important for healthy aging. It’s important for hormones and cellular energy, cellular health. So, I love supporting mitochondria. Generally, a B vitamin I find helpful, a magnesium I find helpful. And adaptogen I think is helpful like maca or ashwagandha. I like that as a baseline. Also, vitamin D levels. Most people need to be on a maintenance dose of vitamin D to keep levels optimized and like an omega-3 fatty acid.

Dr. Weitz:            What do you like for a typical maintenance level for vitamin D?

Dr. Ney:               Fifty to 70, 50 to 80, around there.

Dr. Weitz:            Oh, you’re talking about blood levels, right.

Dr. Ney:               Oh, I’m sorry. You meant dosing levels?

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah, dosing like 5000, 2000.

Dr. Ney:               I find that it’s individualized, to be honest with you. I will track people and figure out what we need to do. So, it’s either 2000 or 5000. I think some people don’t take it every day too. So, I track them and I’m like, “What are you taking? Okay, keep taking that.” If they start to get a little higher like above 60, 70, I’ll definitely move them to 2000. During COVID, I don’t know if you’ve been seeing this, but I saw people with way too high vitamin D levels, like way above 100. So, I had to bring them down. People are really loading up on D. But yeah, you want to be in that optimal range.

                                It’s not a water-soluble vitamin. It’s a fat soluble vitamin, so it can get stored in the fat. And when it’s way too high, like when it’s above 100, it can lead to symptoms. So, it is something you do want to track if someone’s taking. You just want to make sure 5000. Most of the time, 5000 is great for a maintenance dose, but for some people, it’s too high and 2000 is the safe one. And if you’re not testing, generally 2000.

Dr. Weitz:            Right. Sometimes 5000 is not enough. I know for me, if I only take 5000, it drops in the 40s or low 50s. So, I got to-

Dr. Ney:               And that is why testing can be really helpful.

Dr. Weitz:            Exactly. I’m a big proponent of testing, not guessing.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, absolutely. Certainly for these nutrient levels.

Dr. Weitz:            Now, some doctors who prescribe bioidentical hormones automatically put women on some of the supplements like DIM to increase the potential that it’s going to be metabolized safely.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, I do use DIM. It’s not like you’re on hormones, I put you on DIM. And this is sometimes where the DUTCH test can be helpful. So, you can really test not guess. You can really see what pathway you’re going down, the two, the four, the 16. And what DIM does is it helps convert that to pathway, which is the safest pathway. And that’s the pathway we want to, I mean all pathways, we’re going to go down all of them. But certainly if you’re really heavy in the four, which is the one oxidative damage, DNA damage, you want to push the two. Giving DIM just for everyone, it does lower estrogen levels, so you just want to be mindful of that.  It seems like everyone should take DIM, but if you’re not on hormones and you’re menopausal, you probably don’t need DIM because it can pull out whatever estrogen you have and make it even lower. Sometimes without testing and if I see someone who started hormones and they’re getting used to it and they feel really good, but they have this breast tenderness and lowering the estrogen is not really the best choice, I’ll do a trial of DIM. And people respond well.  So, DIM is something that comfortably testing is nice to know if you actually do need it. We’re looking at estrogen metabolism. There’s a lot you can do lifestyle-wise to promote these healthy pathways. And I always will emphasize that too. If you want to be having daily, well-formed bowel movements, you shouldn’t be bloated or gassy or burping. You should have really good digestion. That says a lot about your gut microbiome, which is really important for metabolizing estrogen.  Cruciferous vegetables, which is the precursor to DIM, the indole-3-carbinol, which is found in the broccoli and cauliflower. All of that really helps with phase one. I encourage women to have broccoli sprouts, which is the sulforaphane, which helps with phase two. So, I’m always doing those baseline lifestyle pieces to help with estrogen metabolism.

Dr. Weitz:            Right. I’m starting to see estrogen and progesterone over the counter now.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, I know progesterone cream, you can get over the counter.

Dr. Weitz:            I’ve seen estrogen now over the counter, one of the popular supplement manufacturers, and I was surprised.

Dr. Ney:               Yeah, I know I’ve seen some estriol, I think in some of the Bezwecken product. I don’t know. I probably need to double-check that, but there is some estriol over the counter that I know is available. I don’t know much about estradiol. I’ll have to see what these products are.

Dr. Weitz:            Yeah. Okay. I think those are the questions I have. Any other things you want to tell our viewers and listeners? And then, tell us how we can get in touch with you.

Dr. Ney:               Yes. I want all women to know that they have a toolkit of treatment options. And I want women to know that this isn’t a normal process. This is not a disease state, but it does require a check-in. And I want women to know that you can continue to age with the same level of energy and vitality and libido and feel really amazing, but how we treat our body does change. So, we need to really, really emphasize those lifestyle pieces become even more important. And we have a suitcase of tools to address perimenopause and menopause from nutrition and sleep to supplements and microbiome support. There’s so much, and hormones.

                                So, I want people to know there’s options. This is not something they need to suffer through and deal with because I think when you feel your best, you can truly get after all the things in life that light you up. And that is why I want people to not just be… I don’t want their health to be an obstacle to achieving what they want in life. And when you feel good, you can really get after it. And I do think this is our time. Maybe the kids are older. We have a little bit more time, and this is our time to step into our passion and really get after it.  But geez, it really helps when we feel good and our hormones are balanced. That’s really what I want all women to walk away with, is knowing there’s options and that they get to write their own script, that they don’t have to live someone else’s script. They can live the life of their dreams.

Dr. Weitz:            That’s great. And how can viewers get ahold of you if they want to seek you out?

Dr. Ney:               I have a private practice at the Akasha Center for Integrative Medicine, which is in Santa Monica. I’m licensed in the state of California. I see patients all over for educational, for telemedicine. I have a big telemedicine practice as far as prescribing and all of that in the state of California. I see women all over California. So, that’s at the Akasha Center for Integrative Medicine. I also co-founded HelloPeri, which we’re on Instagram, @thehelloperi, which has a lot of information on menopause, perimenopause, everything that has to do that. So, you can find me. On Facebook, I think we’re @thehelloperi as well.

Dr. Weitz:            Okay. Thank you, Dr. Ney.

Dr. Ney:               Thank you so much for having me on. This was so fun. And for anyone listening, questions, please feel free to DM me. I love to connect with everyone.

 


 

Dr. Weitz:            Thank you for making it all the way through this episode of the Rational Wellness Podcast. For those of you who enjoy listening to the Rational Wellness Podcast, I would certainly appreciate it if you could go to Apple Podcasts or Spotify and give us a five-star ratings and review. That way more people will discover the Rational Wellness Podcast.  And I wanted to let everybody know that I do have some openings for new patients, so I can see you for a functional medicine consultation for specific health issues like gut problems, autoimmune diseases, cardiometabolic conditions, or for an executive health screen, and to help you promote longevity and take a deeper dive into some of those factors that can lead to chronic diseases along the way. And that usually means we’re going to do some more detailed lab work, stool testing, sometimes urine testing, and we’re going to look at a lot more details to get a better picture of your overall health from a preventative functional medicine perspective.  So, if you’re interested, please call my Santa Monica Weitz Sports Chiropractic and Nutrition office at 310-395-3111, and we can set you up for a new consultation for functional medicine. I’ll talk to everybody next week.

 

 

Dr. Jason Hawrelak discusses Probiotics and SIBO with Dr. Ben Weitz.

[If you enjoy this podcast, please give us a rating and review on Apple Podcasts, so more people will find The Rational Wellness Podcast. Also check out the video version on my WeitzChiro YouTube page.] 

 

Podcast Highlights

4:30  When Dr. Hawrelak was studying for his PhD, which was focused around dysbiosis and irritable bowel syndrome, he did a literature review on IBS and probiotics and he found studies dated back to the 1950s showing that probiotics were successful in treating IBS.  When we discovered that SIBO is the main cause of IBS in the early 2000s and we have 50 years of research showing that probiotics successfully treat IBS, then why wouldn’t we use probiotics to treat SIBO?  Some would say that it is counterintuitive to take probiotics if SIBO is a condition where you have too many bacteria in the small intestine. But it’s not just that you have too many bacteria, but that you have too many problematic bacteria. It’s too many E. coli or Klebsiella or streptococci, which means that it is more about dysbiosis than it is just about overgrowth of bacteria.  We also need to understand that when we consume probiotics they don’t colonize, so they don’t stay there long term.  This is why when we talk about the 4R program and we come to the reinoculate phase, this just doesn’t happen.  You can’t just take lactobacilli probiotics and increase the amount of lactobacilli in the gut.  On the other hand, while these probiotics pass through, they may secrete some bacteriocins or other antimicrobial compounds that reduce levels of pathogens. They might just secrete short-chain fatty acids or lactic acid, which changes the environment, which reduces levels of pathogenic bacteria.  These probiotics may also secrete short-chain fatty acids or lactic acid, which changes the environment, which reduces levels of pathogenic bacteria.  Some probiotic strains can stimulate the migrating motor complex and help with motility, which is the underlying issue with SIBO. Some can certainly help heal up and regenerate small intestinal cells, and help the healing process after the treatment of SIBO. Some strains or probiotics can reduce visceral hypersensitivity, which is one of the core conditions underlying IBS, where the nerves are hypersensitive to the sensation of gas, or the sensation of feces moving through the colon.  Some can decrease inflammation and some can enhance secretory IgA production.  We just have to use the specific strain of probiotic for the specific benefit we are looking for. 

9:27  Probiotics can be antimicrobial.  For decades we have had case studies of kids with severe SIBO who were hospitalized and antibiotics were not working and they gave them probiotics and the kids got better and got out of the hospital.  Unfortunately, there have been meta-analyses of probiotics that have just lumped studies of various strains of probiotics together, which is like lumping all drugs for hypertension and concluding that drugs successfully treat hypertension.  We need to be specific with strains if you want them to be effective.  There are definitely a handful of studies published each year that show that probiotics effectively treat SIBO.  Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, which produces an antimicrobial substance called reuterin, and is sold around the world as BioGaia, has been shown to reduce the risk of SIBO in kids treated for GERD who were given proton pump inhibitors. 

17:31  When Dr. Hawrelak treats patients with SIBO he will generally choose selectively acting antimicrobial herbals and a prebiotic like partially hydrolyzed guar gum. PHGG is better tolerated by SIBO patients than other prebiotic fibers like inulin, FOS or GOS from a gas production perspective. And then for methane, he might use the BioGaia and Lactobacillus reuteri as well.  Dr. Hawrelak finds using the PHGG to stimulate buyrate production works better than taking supplements of butyrate.

24:22  When Dr. Hawrelak orders SIBO breath testing he does not order the Trio Smart that tests hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulfide gases but he continues to do the 2 gas test, but often has patients repeat the test 3 times with lactulose, glucose, and fructose and each for 3 hours.  He doesn’t yet trust the 3 gas SIBO breath test.

            



Dr. Jason Hawrelak is a researcher, lecturer, naturopath, and nutritionist with over 20 years of clinical experience with a focus on the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions.  Dr Hawrelak is the Head of Research at ProbioticAdvisor.com, which is an incredible database of information about probiotics. Dr. Hawrelak completed his PhD examining the capacity of probiotics, prebiotics, and herbal medicines to modify the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. He teaches and lectures on probiotics and the microbiome all over the world.  He has written many papers and over 20 textbook chapters.  Probiotic Advisor can be found here: https://www.probioticadvisor.com/.  Dr. Hawrelak continues to work with patients at Gould’s Natural Medicine clinic in Hobart, Australia. 

Dr. Ben Weitz is available for Functional Nutrition consultations specializing in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders like IBS/SIBO and Reflux and also Cardiometabolic Risk Factors like elevated lipids, high blood sugar, and high blood pressure.  Dr. Weitz has also successfully helped many patients with managing their weight and improving their athletic performance, as well as sports chiropractic work by calling his Santa Monica office 310-395-3111. Dr. Weitz is also available for video or phone consultations.

 



 

Podcast Transcript

Dr. Weitz:                            Hey. This is Dr. Ben Weitz, host of the Rational Wellness Podcast. I talk to the leading health and nutrition experts and researchers in the field, to bring you the latest in cutting edge health information. Subscribe to the Rational Wellness Podcast for weekly updates. And to learn more, check out my website drweitz.com. Thanks for joining me, and let’s jump into the podcast.

                                                Hello, Rational Wellness podcasters. Our topic for today is probiotics and SIBO with Dr. Jason Hawrelak. SIBO, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, is believed to be the most common cause of irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS. And SIBO is a condition of too many bacteria in the small intestine.  Now, why would you want to treat it by ingesting more bacteria when you already have too many? But some studies do show that taking probiotics are helpful for both IBS and SIBO. And while some studies show that specific strains such as Bifidobacterium infantis strain 35624 helps with IBS, other studies and meta-analyses just lump various probiotics and often of unspecified strains or mixtures together.   This has created somewhat of a mishmash of research confusion. I’ve talked to Dr. Mark Pimentel about probiotics for SIBO.  And he basically dismissed it, partially because how can you talk about a group of substances?  It would be like saying antibiotics are good for a certain condition.  So saying probiotics are good for SIBO from a scientific perspective, really doesn’t seem to make much sense.   Now, there’s one prominent doctor in the SIBO world who recommends taking triple probiotic therapy, taking a Lacto/Bifido blend of unspecified strains, a Saccharomyces boulardii product, and a spore based probiotic for patients with SIBO. And he says that specific strains don’t matter, just take one from each category.  Some Functional Medicine practitioners have concluded that the best type of probiotic for patients with SIBO, is to take a spore based probiotic, since it won’t open up until it gets into the colon, and therefore will not add to the bacteria in the small intestine. On the other hand, many functional medicine practitioners in the SIBO space do not recommend taking probiotics while treating SIBO, until after you’ve reduced the number of bacteria with appropriate antibiotics or herbal antimicrobials.  And of course, this would make sense based on the Four R or Five R strategy pioneered by the father of Functional Medicine, Dr. Jeffrey Bland, who taught us to remove, then replace, then reinoculate, and finally repair the gut. And so there you would only use probiotics in phase three, the reinoculate phase.

                                                So who better to help us understand this confusion about probiotics for patients with IBS or SIBO than Dr. Jason Hawrelak, joining us from Australia? Dr. Jason Hawrelak is a researcher, lecturer, naturopath, and nutritionist with over 20 years of clinical experience with the focus on the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. He’s the head of research@probioticadvisor.com, which is an incredible database of information about probiotics. And he also offers a series of courses, that are available adjacent to that program as well.  Dr. Hawrelak completed his PhD examining the capacity of probiotics, prebiotics, and herbal medicines to modify the GI tract. He teaches and lectures on probiotics and the microbiome all over the world. He’s written many papers and over 20 textbook chapters. Dr. Jason Hawrelak, thank you so much for joining us.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Hey. You’re very welcome, Ben.

Dr. Weitz:                           Thank you.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     I’m glad to be here chatting with you again, about a very interesting and apparently controversial topic, that we’re delving into. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                           So why don’t we start by talking about SIBO and IBS? So let’s focus in on SIBO, which a lot of the data seems to show is the most common cause of IBS, probably accounting for 60, maybe as much as 70 or more percent depending upon how we’re able to determine if you have SIBO.  And the way we generally determine if you have SIBO, is with a SIBO breath test. And I’d like you to comment about the SIBO breath test? And especially about the various substrates that are available, that are used in the test including lactulose, glucose, fructose?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Gosh, I don’t know where to start even.

Dr. Weitz:                            So-

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Maybe I’ll take a step back and go.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Listen, my PhD was specifically around dysbiosis irritable bowel syndrome.

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     We were running clinical studies in IBS, giving them prebiotics, and probiotics, and herbs to try to influence their microbiome. This was back, I started my PhD and my honors degree, which followed my PhD in the year 2000. So before people were talking about SIBO as being anything but this really rare condition.  And so I had a chance to do this lovely literature review into irritable bowel syndrome and probiotics. And look back, and found the first studies going back to 1950s, showing probiotics were successful in treating IBS. And not every single strain is, obviously. But the bulk of data suggests that probiotics are helpful for treatment of IBS. That was clear in the early 2000s, when this idea of SIBO came out of… So for me, and then SIBO came out as the cause of IBS. And I’m like, “Well, is SIBO is the cause of IBS, and we’ve got 50 years of research showing that probiotics successfully treat IBS, then why on earth wouldn’t we be using probiotics to treat this, when we already have 50 years of data showing that apparently it successfully treats this condition?”  So that’s what my background was from where people were like, “Oh, don’t use probiotics.” But it’s like if you’re saying this is the cause of IBS, and we’ve got all this data showing probiotics work on IBS, it just doesn’t make sense that we say we should not take probiotics.

Dr. Weitz:                           But it’s counterintuitive, if the problem is too many bacteria, why are you going to put more bacteria in?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     I think it’s counterintuitive if that’s the big viewpoint. Rather than, “Okay, it’s actually not just too many bacteria, it’s too many problematic bacteria.”

Dr. Weitz:                           Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Or it’s too many streptococci, or too many E. coli, or Klebsiella that are there. And when you understand that differently, that changes things. Because it’s like, “Okay.” Because I think that conception around SIBO is changing. And in fact, there’s more of a thinking now that it’s more about dysbiosis than it is about just overgrowth of bacteria. And you could have overgrowth of some bacteria and never have an issue with it. And you have overgrowth of Klebsiella, or E. coli, or Streptococci and you get symptoms associated with it. And potentially gut damage too in the small bowel.  So I think with that understanding, it’s like, “Okay. Well, what do we know that probiotics can do?” I think there’s this misconception, and this goes back probably to the Four R or Five R type stuff with reinoculation. You can’t reinoculate with probiotics. This is an old myth that we should really make sure we toss out. And certainly I teach within the functional medicine program at the University of Western States, and we change that reinoculate to restore.  It’s like, get with the new century, we can’t reinoculate with Lactobacilli, and Bifidobacteria, and products, it’s not reality. We can help restore populations that are too low, but it gets into that idea of colonization. So I think the idea that, “Oh, we’ve got more bacteria. We just add more and then they just permanently live there,” that’s not reality.  That’s not what happens when we take Lactobacilli, or Bifidobacteria, or Saccharomyces, or et cetera. They do not permanently live in your small bowel or large bowel. They’re temporary visitors, so they’re passing through. But while they pass through, they may well secrete some bacteriosins or other antimicrobial compounds that reduce levels of pathogens. They might just secrete short-chain fatty acids or lactic acid, which changes the environment, which reduces levels of pathogenic bacteria.  Some probiotic strains can stimulate the migrating motor complex and help with motility, which is the underlying issue with SIBO. Some can certainly help heal up and regenerate small intestinal cells, and help the healing process after the treatment of SIBO. Some strains can reduce visceral hypersensitivity, which is one of the core conditions underlying IBS, where the nerves are hypersensitive to the sensation of gas, or the sensation of feces moving through the colon.  Some can decrease inflammation, some can enhance secretory IgA production. So if we start looking at the possibility of what probiotics can offer here, it makes total sense that we can use them as tools to actually help. So there’s different ways of reducing or changing bacterial ecosystems. Antibiotics is one way, sure. But probiotics is another way, and herb medicines are other ways of actually changing ecosystem composition. And I think-

Dr. Weitz:                           So would it be accurate to say in some cases that probiotics are antimicrobial?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. Well, it would be from a SIBO perspective. And I think again, maybe 20 years ago, it would’ve been there was a lack of research around probiotics in SIBO specifically. Yes, the use of probiotics in IBS, the dataset was all clear around that. There were successful case studies of kids with severe SIBO who were hospitalized, and antibiotics weren’t working where they gave them probiotics, and the kids got better and got out of hospital.  So there were successful case studies of treatment with probiotics of severe life-threatening SIBO in the 1990s that were published too. So there was already some preliminary data that suggested that probiotics would be helpful. But skip forward now, and look at the data out there’s study after study showing probiotics are helpful for a treatment of SIBO. And I think you can’t just have your head in the sand and say, “This doesn’t exist.”   And while I agree with Dr. Pimentel that there are issues with meta-analyses, where you just grab all probiotics and shove them together. It’s like saying, “Let’s do a meta-analysis of do drugs treat hypertension?” Well, some do, some don’t. But if you shoved the ones that don’t in there with the ones that do, you’re going to actually get an unclear effect. You’re not going to see anything.  And that’s definitely a problem with probiotic meta-analysis, where researchers who are unaware of this fact will just grab all probiotics and shove it together. And listen, some won’t work. If your probiotic strain you’re giving doesn’t have selected antimicrobial properties, or won’t help with motility, then is it going to work with SIBO? Yeah, perhaps not. Whereas ones that actually do have antimicrobial properties do seem to work for SIBO.  And I think, again, you look at, there was a meta-analysis in 2017, I think it was, where they took all the probiotic studies for SIBO. And I think they found that… Again which had some issues with methodology because I think it’s grouping all the things together. Which if anything, it precludes beneficial effects, makes it harder to see. But even doing that, there is a 53% eradication rate, clearance of SIBO with probiotics in the studies when they pulled the data together.  And since that was published, there’s more and more studies published each year looking at it. Not like 50 studies a year, but there’s a handful of studies published each year supportive of the use of probiotics to effectively treat SIBO, and bring down breath gas with EPI hydrogen, or methane, or both.

Dr. Weitz:                           Now, is the best way to think about this, some people have described it sort of as a parking lot and here’s only so many parking spaces, and if you park the good bacteria in there, there’s no parking spaces left for the bad bacteria? Almost like if we’re having some elaborate game of musical chairs, and the bad bacteria don’t end up with chairs if there’s enough good bacteria there?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     That’s definitely a component there. And I think the other additional bit is whether that microbe can produce something that is antimicrobial?

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And I think a good example here is Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, which is sold around the world as BioGaia. There’s a clinical trial giving it to kids with reflux disease, who were given proton pump inhibitors to treat the reflux. And we know that PPIs, that is very consistent around this increased risk of SIBO development.  So this study was like, “Okay, what if we give them this probiotic? Will it prevent these kids from getting SIBO?” And they tested, baseline tested, three months later. SIBO developed in, I think, it was 56% of people in the placebo group, 6% of those in the BioGaia group. That’s a massive difference from a prevention perspective.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. For sure. Absolutely.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But what’s unique about this strain, is this strain produces an antimicrobial substance called reuterin. And it may be that is the key reason why it works in that situation. And the dose they’re giving is like a hundred million CFU twice daily, I think was the dose. So relatively small.  Yet there was another study, a similar population of kids taking proton pump inhibitors for their reflux, and they gave a combination of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria at much higher doses. It did not work, did not prevent SIBO. And it’s like, “Okay, well do those specific strains have any indication they would be helpful in this condition, as in producing antimicrobial substances, et cetera?” No, they don’t have that.  So to me it was like, “Oh, okay. Well yeah, if we choose our products wisely, we can get therapeutic benefit.” And if we just use random products with no sort of good rationale for the use, I think we’re going to hit-and-miss more often than we actually hit. Whereas I think when we are actually using stuff that has theoretical rationale for their use, we’re going to get better results.  And if we as researchers actually chooses the ones that have theoretical evidence of use through research, we’re going to get better outcomes than just grabbing, “Hey, here’s a random probiotic, let’s see if it works for SIBO prevention.” Versus, let’s choose one that has the traits and qualities we’re after.

Dr. Weitz:                           Is it possible?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     We do this in probiotic researchers all the time, they’re looking for how do we choose the best probiotic for treating vaginal bacterial vaginosis? It’s like, let’s see the ones that survive, have the good pH tolerance, produce D-lactic acid, inhibit the growth of those pathogens. And you might get a hundred strains to start with. And you put them through a bit of an obstacle course, and you come up with three or four that actually tick all the right boxes. And then you take them into studies from that point onwards.  And I think this also illustrates, I think some of the differences you said initially around do strains matter?  Yes, strains do matter. We can clearly see that in that kind of research, where you can have 20 strains of Lactose crispatus for example, and only some will have all the criteria that you need to be like a successful general probiotic.  And just like we have numerous strains of Lactobacillus reuteri, only some produce reuterin. So if you’re supplementing with this strain of Lactobacillus reuteri that does not produce reuterin, you cannot expect it to have the same effect as the ones that do produce reuterin, like the BioGaia one that was used in that successful SIBO case. And that same strain have been used in methane cases too, where it actually significantly reduced methane output. And it cleared methane in a number of people in that study as well.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, interesting. Because that was going to be my next question, which is how specific can we get? Can we take the results of a SIBO breath test, find out the patient has hydrogen SIBO, and we know certain organisms tend to cause that? Or is it hydrogen sulfide, or is it methane? And then are there specific strains that you would recommend for each type of SIBO?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And I think as more research comes to the fore, and we have access to some of those strains, we’ll get better data around this area. And again, I was recently looking at the probiotic SIBO literature, and there’s a number of studies that have been published out of China, where they’re a bit vague in their description of the probiotics that they use in these studies.   So it’s hard to necessarily as a clinician take that into clinical practice going, “Okay. Well, this combination of probiotics worked in this Chinese study. Can I use these strains?” Well, they don’t detail the strain they tell you the species. So as each year goes on and we get more research, we will become better at fine-tuning and matching these things up. But currently we know that the reuteri DSM 17938 is helpful for methane. That is clear.

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And then-

Dr. Weitz:                           Now, is it possible to simply recommend that for a patient with methane SIBO without anything else?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                           Is that something you’ve done?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Only in kids.

Dr. Weitz:                           How would you treat-

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Only in kids. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                           Only in kids? Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Because they can’t necessarily take the foul tasting herbs that I would usually use in adults. Yeah. So certainly they can work brilliantly well on their own in some people.

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But generally I do my best to get the best result as quickly as possible with patients, in a way that doesn’t harm their colonic microbiome in any significant sense. So I’m trying to choose selectively acting antimicrobial herbals, a prebiotic like partially hydrolyzed guar gum. And then for methane, I would use the BioGaia, Lactobacillus reuteri as well.

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. But for some kids who can’t do the herbs. Well, I might just use BioGaia and partially hydrolyzed guar gum. And yes, you can see results in some of those people with just that simple treatment.

Dr. Weitz:                            And partially hydrolyzed guar gum you would pick, because unlike a lot of prebiotics or forms of fiber that tend to feed SIBO bacteria, that has been shown not to exacerbate SIBO symptoms, right?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah, it’s an interesting fiber, I think. We just did a systematic review of this just recently, actually. But I think there’s nine studies using it for irritable bowel syndrome, and all of them were positive. So that’s what got me excited when I read these studies on IBS, this goes back to 2016 when I first came across it, 2015 or ’14.  Not that long ago, but unaware of it before then, do a literature search. I’m like, “Oh, my God. Look at this substance I was completely ignorant of.” And it’s got all these studies showing it not only reduces bloating and distension, and normalizes bowel pattern in patients with IBS. And it works for constipation from IBS or diarrhea from IBS. So we’ve got that data.  And then there are studies using it for showing that it decreases methane output in people that have high methane. And then we have studies where they gave it alongside Rifaximin to treat SIBO. And I think from memory, the eradication rate with partially hydrolyzed guar gum was 85, 86% versus 60% with just Rifaximin on its own. So it significantly improved the outcome. And this was hydrogen dominant SIBO.  So for me, PHGG is integral whether I’m treating hydrogen dominant SIBO or methane. And it is tolerated by most people with SIBO, not all, there’ll still be some that react to it. But compared to other prebiotic fibers like inulin, FOSS, or galacto-oligosaccharides, it is definitely better tolerated from a gas production perspective.

Dr. Weitz:                            And do you tend to use that a couple of times a day? And do you tend to use it away from meals, or with meals? Or it doesn’t matter?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     With the PHGG, it can be with or without meals it doesn’t matter. And generally it’s once a day to ease compliance with that one.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     So it’s six or seven grams, one hit. And it’s easy to work with because you can mix into, unlike some fibers, it mixes beautifully into cold water. And it’s got almost no flavor. So you can mix into a cold drink and it makes the water a bit thicker, but not really much flavor. Easy to mix into smoothies, or easy to add to breakfast cereals, porridge, whatever you might actually have. It’s easy to work with.

Dr. Weitz:                            Do you know, or can you speculate what is it about PHGG, partially hydrolyzed guar gum, why it has this different quality from many other forms of fiber or prebiotic?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. It’s definitely for most people less gas forming. And I think that’s part of it. And I think we know it also feeds butyrate producing species more so. So if you look at what species utilize substances that we eat, if we have inulin-FOS, then we feed Bifidobacteria, and Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, for example are three populations that tend to increase. Whereas with partially hydrolyzed guar gum, we need a little bit of Bifidobacteria, but it’s often it’s Roseburia and other-

Dr. Weitz:                           Akkermansia?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Not so much Akkermansia, interestingly enough. But it’s more of a butyrate producing species.

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     So it’s kind of feeding a different group of bacteria, that generally perhaps are not overgrowing in the small bowel. We don’t tend to see butyrate producing species don’t really show up on any of the literature looking at what’s overgrowing in the small bowel in patients with SIBO. It’s usually Streptococci or Proteobacteria that show up in the vast majority of studies to date. So they can’t utilize it as a food source so much then.  But how exactly to improve the efficacy of Rifaximin in SIBO treatment is an interesting thought. And the researchers initially were doing it because it is a prebiotic like substance, and they were using it that way. We know it does improve efficacy, but the mechanism, I think, is a little bit less clear.  Whereas when it comes to methane, I think it’s more clear in that we know that methane producing bacteria, typically Methanobrevibacter smithii is the key one for most people, likes living in a more neutral to alkaline pH. And doesn’t like being bathed in butyrate. So if we ingest a substance that creates more butyrate, we create the conditions that are less conducive to the growth of methane producing bacteria.

Dr. Weitz:                            What about just adding butyrate as a supplement in such cases of methane SIBO?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yes. You can certainly use that as an adjunct agent too. What you can have though when you use just butyrate, is you can have a… Essentially taking a step back, what does the methane producing bacteria consume?  Methanobrevibacter eats hydrogen gas.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     If you change the circumstance where you just reduce the levels of methane producing bacteria, the hydrogen gas level can actually increase.  So sometimes you can actually have worst bloating or distention from giving butyrate, even though it’s actually dealing with the underlying methane overproduction. But you end up with more hydrogen in the shorter term, which can mean more symptoms as well.  So I think I have played a bit with that.  And I think it can be useful tool in sometimes, but you just have to be-

Dr. Weitz:                            So essentially what you’re telling us is anytime you have a patient who has methane SIBO, there may be hydrogen SIBO that’s being masked by the fact that the increased number of methanogens are consuming the hydrogen?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And this is clearly the case if it’s methane in the small bowel, for sure. Because we’re supposed to have hydrogen produced in the colon, so that’s normal. So if you see a lack of hydrogen rise in the colon, but you see a spike in the rise in methane or breath tests, that clearly shows that’s the case.  But in the small bowel, again, if you see that rise in methane at the 20 or 40 minute mark on a breath test, you know there’s hydrogen producers there. Because that’s what’s eating the substance first, they’re eating the lactulose, or the glucose, or the fructose first. They produce hydrogen gas, that’s eaten by the methane producing bacteria very quickly, and you get the spike in methane, not necessarily of hydrogen.  So yes, you would actually have hydrogen producers underneath there, that you have to deal with too. And that’s what butyrate itself does not do. So I think it’s arguably better for chronic methane issues than small bowel methane issues.

Dr. Weitz:                            So in terms of small bowel, large bowel, when we do the SIBO breath test there’s a time cutoff and there’s some controversy about that. Is it 90 minutes? At one point it was a hundred minutes. Is it 120? I’ve talked to some prominent SIBO practitioners who always believe in doing a three-hour test, because they don’t trust that it might only be two hours-

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            … and they want to see what happens.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Now, I always do three hour breath tests.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, you do?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Always, for extra hydrogen and methane.

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But I always do lactulose and fructose at a minimum. And often lactulose, fructose, and glucose.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, really?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            Are you checking for hydrogen sulfide as well? Is the trio-smart available in Australia?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     It is. I can arrange it for my North American patients. But I tend not to use trio-smart so much. I tend to stick with the QuinTron based testing for hydrogen and methane for the most part.

Dr. Weitz:                            Why?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Why? I think I’ve seen some results, apparent discrepancies of even some people, the same person a minute apart, sending the breath samples to different labs, or even three. A couple went to the more classic ones that do hydrogen/methane, and one went to the lab that does trio-smart. And the level of hydrogen and methane was the same in the two normal labs. But completely, completely, totally different in the trio-smart one. A hundredfold, a lot different.  And I’ve just seen that enough, that I’m just a little bit hesitant to know what to do with that, when the levels of methane and hydrogen are multitudes lower on that test consistently than I see on the other tests. I’m a little bit like [inaudible 00:26:17]-

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting. You think that has to do with the way the gases are collected? Or do you know why?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Good question. No, I don’t. It is just been enough that I’ve just been hesitant to go, “Okay.” I’m just not fully personally going to trust those results. I’m going to stick with the more conventional labs, because the way that this shows up with the hydrogen and methane seems consistent between them.

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And I’m comfortable with that. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            And you might be missing out on hydrogen sulfide though?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Well, I am basing that on because I’m testing lactulose, often glucose, and fructose. And if they-

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay. All three of those?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     All three.

Dr. Weitz:                            That’s a lot of testing. You’re talking about, especially if you’re asking everybody do a three-hour test, that’s nine hours of testing?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     It is. It is. But it’s so much more accurate, the information you get. And this is maybe two years ago now, I went through and said, “Okay, let’s take the last 130 people we’ve suspected of SIBO, and done breath testing for. If we just only did lactulose, only lactulose, how many people would we have picked up with SIBO?” And it was 73% of those people with SIBO we picked up with just lactulose. If we did fructose alone, only fructose, 85% of people. If we did-

Dr. Weitz:                            Really? Fructose is more accurate than lactulose?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     I reckon it is. And listen, we need further clear… I don’t have my own hospital setting where I can do aspirate and culture on people to verify things. So what I’m using is essentially that same criteria, rise of 20 parts per million at 90 minutes, whether that be with glucose or fructose.  Because for me, why are we defining SIBO by if it eats glucose, it’s SIBO, but if it eats fructose, it’s not SIBO at the 20-minute mark? That’s just stupid to me. It’s like there are bacteria there eating sugar that aren’t supposed to be there.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Whether they’re eating glucose or fructose, it’s still bloody SIBO. I don’t understand where people are like, “Oh, no. It’s only SIBO if it’s a glucose or lactulose.” But if the same bugs are eating lactose, it’s no longer SIBO. It’s like, “Of course it’s SIBO, because it’s defined by the time where the gases are produced. Not by the sugars that are consumed.”

Dr. Weitz:                            Well, actually when it comes to methane, time doesn’t even matter anymore. Right?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     No. That’s right.

Dr. Weitz:                            Because now it’s IMO and it could be in large intestine?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     That’s right. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            So are you routinely doing stool testing as well?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yes. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            To see if there’s methanogens? Okay. You are?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. So we’re looking for methanogens, which don’t always show up on stool tests, I must say.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Breath testing is far better accuracy for picking up methane status, for sure. But also looking for hydrogen sulfide gas producers on stool tests too. So let’s say if I’m suspecting SIBO, and there might be hydrogens sulfide as the background as a possibility, we do lactulose, we do fructose, we do glucose. The glucose and fructose completely normal. No sign of excess. No bump at all, because there shouldn’t be any bumps with hydrogen. And methane’s normal. Lactulose flat lines to three hours.  At this point I’m thinking, “Okay, this is possibly hydrogen sulfide SIBO, what does the microbiome picture look like? Do I have elevated levels of hydrogen sulfide gas producers on that? Or do I have-“

Dr. Weitz:                            So those are the Desulfovibrio, and what-

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And Bilophila, they’re the two classic ones.

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay. Yep.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     You can also have those Fusobacterium that would rarely be involved, but can be.

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And Proteobacteria. Some Proteobacteria would overproduce hydrogen sulfide too. So you’d be looking at those. But the classic ones would be Bilophila and the Desulfovibrio. And not all stool tests sadly tests for Bilophila, it’s harder to find. And I think I wouldn’t use a stool test that doesn’t tell me about Bilophila, to be honest. Because it’s such a commonly overgrown hydrogen sulfide gas producer, that if you don’t test for it you would never see it, and you won’t know how prominent it is.

Dr. Weitz:                            So which stool tests include Bilophila?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     The ones that do shotgun sequencing, like shotgun metagenomic sequencing. So that would be things like NirvanaBiome, CosmosID in the States, and Microba here in Australia. And Microba sends kits overseas too. They will test for Bilophila and the Desulfovibrio off the top of my head.

Dr. Weitz:                            I know Desulfovibrio is on the GI-MAP. I’m not sure about-

Dr. Hawrelak:                     That one is a bit easier to come by, for whatever reason people have gone, “Oh, let’s focus on Desulfovibrio.” Yeah, Bilophila is actually in my experience looking at thousands of stool samples, is more often overgrown than the Desulfovibrio. Because Bilophila, its name gives it away, Bilophila, it loves eating bile, bile’s its thing. So you tend to see a bloom in people who do keto type diets, or high fat diets, high saturated fat diets tend to have these major blooms of Bilophila.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, interesting.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And it’s just sad that you can’t see it. Because if you’re doing a stool test that can’t see Bilophila, you have no idea that this diet is feeding, blooming these hydrogen sulfide gas producers in [inaudible 00:31:02]-

Dr. Weitz:                            And there you are doing a low-carb diet thinking you’re starving your bacteria, and you’re actually feeding some of them?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Feeding some of them? Yeah, that’s right. So to me, I would not do any stool test that does not do Bilophila. Because you need to be able to look at that. Yes, so I would look at that. I’d also look for acetogens too. There are certain bacteria that we know that eat hydrogen and convert it through to acetate. So you’re not going to get any breath gases with that. So you have to get them in a stool test too.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, wait a minute, which ones are those?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     They’re less characterized at this time point.

Dr. Weitz:                            This is new breaking news.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Well, interesting. It’s been around for a long time, but it just hasn’t been discussed even that much for some reason. Listen, even the methane constipation stuff. I moved house recently, and I had to sort through my papers in my garage. I had boxes and boxes of papers that I collected as part of my PhD, and I was painstakingly giving them away.

Dr. Weitz:                            You know they’re all on the internet now?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     I know, that’s why I gave them away, most of them. But I came across one paper from the 1980s, and they were looking at methane output in people who were constipated. And they’re like, “Hey, I think there might be a correlation here between people who are constipated and a high methane output.”   And not only that, they gave them tons of sulfur as a supplement. And these people shifted their hydrogen dynamics from methane to hydrogen sulfide from the sulfur. And their bowels sped up, and they no longer had constipation. And this is research in the 1980s.

Dr. Weitz:                            Wow. Ugh.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And we forget that stuff like that, people were on it at that point, but some people were.

Dr. Weitz:                            Wow.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Because they were already looking at where does the hydrogen go? It could be methane or hydrogen sulfide, and let’s see if we can shift it between that? And they could, and effectively treat constipation by giving sulfur. So whether that’s an approach we want to be doing? I don’t know, because hydrogen sulfide gas is not particularly great. So I don’t think we want to be shifting people from tons of methane to tons of hydrogen sulfide. But it was interesting they were doing it.

                                                But one of the other pathways that hydrogen can go to, is it can become acetate. So we have a number of groups of bacteria in our colon, hydrogenotrophs who eat hydrogen. So methane producing archaea, hydrogen sulfide gas producing bacteria. And then we have the acetogens, those that eat hydrogen in make acetate. And that’s not a gas, and that’s a lovely short-chain fatty acid with anti-inflammatory effects.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     So that’s obviously, which would be great if we could have more of that going on. In fact, I’m on a bit of a tangent here, but I just read a study in Japan recently. And they were looking at methane producing status, and acetogens in this Japanese population. And I think it was only seven percent of the Japanese population had methanogens present. Whereas for Westerners, it’s like 90% of us have got methanogens in our gut.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And Japanese, their rate of constipation is very tiny. And a lot of their hydrogen goes become acetate in Japan. Whereas for Westerners, that’s more of a rare situation. So you could-

Dr. Weitz:                            What is some of the species that are acetogens?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     One of the key ones we see is Blautia hydrogenotrophica, I think from memory. Yeah, [inaudible 00:34:05]-

Dr. Weitz:                            Wow. Never heard of that one.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     … hydrogenotrophica. No. Again, you need to be using the right stool test to see that one, and that’s where you would have to use shotgun metagenomic sequencing that you can get down to the species level, to look to go what sort of Blautia do you have, and whether you’ve got the acetate, the ones that essentially consume hydrogen to make acetate as a consequence.  And the cool thing is too, that particular species can actually cross feed Faecalibacterium. So you now have this beautiful relationship where we have this guy that eats hydrogen and it makes acetate, and it shares some of the acetate with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii who makes butyrate with that shared acetate. So to me it’s a beautiful relationship, and this is why we should be trying to encourage acetogenesis when we possibly can.  But essentially that occurs when the pH in the colon is much lower. So when we have a pH of five and a half or less, we tend to have much more capacity for acetogens to thrive, whereas they don’t live in a neutral pH that we tend to see in Westerners. So you can also be looking at stool pH as one of the markers that can help indicate whether that flat line is hydrogen sulfate or it’s [inaudible 00:35:18]-

Dr. Weitz:                            Because we’re all drinking our alkaline water to make ourselves healthier?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But I think it’s a lack of fiber for the most part.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Because if you don’t eat plant foods, you don’t eat fiber, you don’t produce short-chain fatty acids, you don’t get the change in pH in water.

Dr. Weitz:                            So essentially you’re saying that Americans are full of shit?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Well, Australians and Canadians too, I’m going to say. And they often are. There’s often days worth of poo inside of those populations. A lot of patients I work with have got days worth of poo that are there. I remember one patient I got them to do the… And this is one test I do for all patients. But I get them to do the bile transit time test, it’s a very low tech test. You eat some corn on the cob or some black quinoa, you don’t chew it, write down exactly when you eat it, you write down when it starts coming out, and when it finishes coming out in your poo. But my champion one is, I think it was 25 days before the corn started coming out.

Dr. Weitz:                            What?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And she was only pooing every two or three days. So I knew it was going to be slow, but I had no idea be that slow.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, my gosh. 25 days? Wow.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And you just think how much fecal matter is loaded in that colon constantly?

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. Wow.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And no wonder she was chronically unwell, and felt horrific all the time. It’s like, “Yeah. Well, that explains a lot of it there.”

Dr. Weitz:                            And how did you treat that?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     This is a patient maybe 10 years ago. So we’re going back fair while, I can’t recall, but we certainly focused on trying to speed up transit time. And-

Dr. Weitz:                            Did you ever get her colonic?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Listen, I think a colonic would’ve been helpful in the short term. I’m a bit cautious around the potential impact on the colon from a long-term perspective.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But I think as a let’s get week’s worth of poo? Sure, to get you feeling a bit better. But I much prefer working from this way than that way. Although I don’t think the odd enema, I think, is not going to be an issue. But I do think colonics where you’re washing the colon a bit more, you’re likely to have more changes to the microbiome as a consequence.

Dr. Weitz:                            Do you think that some of the new generation of probiotics like Akkermansia is now available, and I think that fecal bacteria, [inaudible 00:37:26] is starting, I think it’s available?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Probably not far of, I would reckon. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            Not far off. So these are anaerobic strains that hadn’t been available because of the difficulty of producing them?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yes.

Dr. Weitz:                            And I’ve read some that they may potentially be colonizers of the gut in some cases. What have you seen?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. I can only speak clinically thus far with my patients who’ve taken the Pendulum Akkermansia and Pendulum Glucose Control.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right. Right. Yep.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And I have not seen Akkermansia show up on any stool test yet. When my patients have taken it.

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay. Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     When they did have Akkermansia beforehand. I had high hopes. I was excited. I’m like, “Maybe we can, because we’ve tried to revive your Akkermansia population, it is extinct in your gut, you did not have it. Maybe we can recolonize with this supplement.” But thus far, and listen, it’s only been maybe 10 to 15 patients. So I’m not-

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     … saying no, it never does it. But I have not seen it do it in any of my patients thus far. And they’ve been taking the supplement at the same time they’re doing the stool test even. And it hasn’t even showed up on the stool test, which I was slightly sad about. Because I thought at least if it showed up when they took it, it’s a bit positive around that. And maybe a chance of it sticking around.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But it haven’t showed up when they’re taking it so far.

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And it’s first generation Akkermansia, so who knows? Maybe wasn’t selected as the core attribute was how good it could colonize. Because I think there’s some discussion around in general our current generation of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria do not colonize in any significant degree in kids or adults. Yet, if we gave the same ones to moms when they’re pregnant, they can actually colonize that infant for life. So it’s interesting. There’s a window where-

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, really?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     … they could permanently colonize. Yeah, interesting enough.

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But it won’t in all the populations. But there’s one study with one type of Bifidobacteria, its code strain was maybe AH2106 or something. I could be a little bit off with that one. It’s been a few years since I read the study. But it did colonize in 30% of people, I think from memory, for up to six months.

                                                So it’s like, “Okay, if a strain is chosen where the main criteria is it can stay, and maybe they’ll screen hundreds of different types of Bifidobacteria to find one with that long-lasting capacity to colonize.” So I would say that in the future we might have Bifidobacteria that can colonize, we might have Akkermansia, or Faecalibacterium that can colonize. I would just say perhaps at the moment, we certainly don’t have that in general with Bifidobacteria. And at least in my experience, we don’t have that with Akkermansia yet.

Dr. Weitz:                            Do we know specific prebiotics that can make certain bacteria flourish in the gut, especially maybe ones that are really low?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. For sure. And I think this is where prebiotics shine, is where you’re trying to make specific changes to that ecosystem going, “Okay, well you are…” And this is something that I do in my practice all the time, I do analysis. Okay, “You’re low in Bifidobacteria, you’re low in Akkermansia,” let’s say hopefully they’re there.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     They’re maybe just a thousandfold less than where you’re happy to be, or a hundredfold less than what they should be.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Then yes, you could go, “Okay, well let’s go inulin-FOS,” or otherwise known as oligofructose-enriched inulin. Very good at feeding both Bifidobacteria, and Akkermansia, as well as Faecalibacterium. So you have this substance that we can generally effectively used to target increased population of those three species, without feeding other things for the most part in most people.  And then partially hydrolyzed guar gum, good for a range of butyrate producing species. Then we have galacto-oligosaccharides, which would be Bifidobacteria and Faecalibacterium for the most part. But GOS can also decrease hydrogen sulfide producers like the Desulfovibrio and Bilophila. And inulin-FOS can also decrease Bilophila populations too.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     So we can use these tools to decrease levels of bugs we don’t want, and at the same time encourage levels we do want. And that’s the thing I absolutely love about prebiotics, is that capacity to, let’s say your gut’s overgrown with Proteobacteria, you’ve got large amounts of Proteobacteria? A prebiotic like lactulose, which I think kind of gets a bit of a bad name in the US because it’s the food source in the lactose breath test. But it reduces the levels of Proteobacteria brilliantly well in the colon. It is amazingly effective at doing so.

                                                You’ve got studies showing that. And I can say from 20 years of practice having using lactulose, it effectively reduces Proteobacteria populations in the gut. So you can use something that is increasing levels of good guys, decreasing levels of pathogens, all at the same time. [inaudible 00:42:24]-

Dr. Weitz:                            So you’re saying for hydrogen sulfide, SIBO, FOS, and GOS combination might be part of an effective strategy?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. You’d have to gauge what their tolerance, because sometimes they will get… One thing that hydrogen sulfide gas does is induces visceral hypersensitivity. So it makes the nerves in the colon more susceptible to gas related pain and discomfort. So you have to gauge where your patient’s at with that. Because if they’ve had H2S overgrowth for a long time, often visceral hypersensitivity can be intense.

                                                So you do anything that increases gas production in the colon such as give GOS or inulin-FOS, that gas discomfort will cause excruciating discomfort and pain. So you have to approach it differently, depending on where they’re at with their symptoms, and how far along they’ve had this H2S issue with. Because if you get them early on, and they don’t have that damage yet? Then yes. Because essentially what we should be getting when we adjust GOS or and inulin-FOS, is farting.

                                                We should just get flatulence. If our gut’s working beautifully, just gas, that’s it. But if we have issues there where we have bloated, distension, pain, cramping, worsening constipation, there’s something else underlying that we need to deal with. And those tools may not be appropriate at this time point. And we might use other strategies.  I think luckily with hydrogen sulfide gas producers, for the most part Bilophila, it eats bile. So you’re just like, “Okay, make sure they’re not taking ox bile supplements.” That can cause a massive bloom in hydrogen sulfide gas producers, that most people again aren’t aware of if you didn’t test for Bilophila. But reduce saturated fat, that’s a very quick and easy way to deal with Bilophila for most people.

Dr. Weitz:                            Well, but bile helps break down any kind of fats. Why saturated fat?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Well, it’s a sulfur compound. When we’re ingesting dairy fat in particular, but also other saturated fats, the sulfur content in our bile is higher for whatever reason.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And that feeds Bilophila to a far greater degree than if you eat olive oil.

Dr. Weitz:                            So you want to reduce the bile and the sulfur?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. Yes, both. But particularly it’s about changing the types of fat consumed. But sometimes it’s overall fat too. But certainly you don’t tend to see Bilophila blooms from olive oil, avocados, nuts, and seeds. Even if they’re gorging on them, that does not happen. It is from dairy fat, butter, ghee, coconut oil, palm oil, those are the things that will cause blooms of Bilophila.  So it’s often easy to deal with that by changing diet. Now, they can also be encouraged by supplements like chondroitin sulfate or glucosamine sulfate. Again, that aren’t always on people’s radar. And sulfur based preservatives, synthetic ones used in processed foods. So we’ll cut out those.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, you’re saying those, they contain sulfur so they could feed-

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And they can feed hydrogen sulfide gas producers too. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     So when people take chondroitin sulfate or glucosamine sulfate long term, which is often the case for things like osteoarthritis, we have to be aware that they can negatively impact the colonic ecosystem by encouraging the growth of hydrogen sulfide gas producers over time.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. There’s studies showing that glucosamine sulfate reduces cardiovascular events by 30%. So it’s real beneficial for cardiovascular as well.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah, it’s an interesting substance in that way. And I think it’s just worthwhile keeping tabs on how that individual person’s ecosystem is responding to that dose of sulfur, and whether they’re having a bloom of hydrogen sulfide gas producers or not as a consequence of its use?

Dr. Weitz:                            Interesting.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Mm-hmm.

Dr. Weitz:                            What do you think about biofilm busting? Is that something that should be done in combating SIBO? Do bacteria that cause SIBO encase themselves in a biofilm? And does that make it… For example, the methane producers tend to grow in the mucus and that’s sort of a biofilm. So does that mean you need to… You know what? I talked to Dr. Rahbar one time, and he was saying that he thinks that taking Akkermansia, which eats mucus, that that makes it easier to get at the methane SIBO.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Oh, that’s an interesting idea. And certainly Akkermansia is one of the species in the gut that does indeed consume mucus, Faecalibacterium does as well, and others. But an interesting idea, yes.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right. Now, coming back to what about using agents that supposedly break up biofilms to make it easier to get rid of the gas producing bacteria?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Okay. My main concern here is that beneficial bacteria live in biofilm too. Because I think this is conception that some people have-

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay. Got it.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     … that bad guys live in biofilm and the good guys are just playing around and don’t. And it’s like, “That’s not true.” They do too. So if we’re giving something that is non-selective, and breaks down biofilm of all bacteria good and bad, then we’re actually harming beneficial species too.  Unless you’ve got an agent that can selectively and only break down the biofilm of pathogens and leave the good guys alone. And you could research that before you marketed your product. You could do that research in vitro and go, “Hey. Look, our biofilm busting product doesn’t break down Bifidobacteria, or Faecalibacterium, or Akkermansia biofilm. But it does Klebsiella and E. coli,” wouldn’t that be great? But they don’t do that. Generally it’s like, “It kills bad guys, so therefore it must be fine for everyone to take [inaudible 00:47:49]-“

Dr. Weitz:                            Is there any biofilm busting agent that you know of where they have done that, looked at that?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Not in that kind of sense. But we do know that herbal medicines, well, look at pomegranate husk. So the skin of the pomegranate fruit markedly antibacterial against pathogenic bacteria, leaves Bifidobacteria alone. And would actually leaves lactose alone, and encourages the growth of Bifidobacteria. So you have a selectively acting substance, that can break down the biofilm pathogens. We’ve got clear data around that, both bacterial and fungal pathogens. But actually encourages levels of beneficial species. So for me it’s like, “I’m going to use that, thank you very much. As my tool to try to target overgrowth.”

Dr. Weitz:                            Where do you get get pomegranate husk from, though?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Well, interestingly enough, listen, it’s used in traditional Chinese medicine for 1,800 years.

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     It’s been used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 2,000 years. It was used by Western herbalists and European herbalists up until probably about a hundred years ago, widely. It just dropped out in North American and Australian practice in the last maybe 50 years or something like that. You can find old herbalists in the early 1900s talked about using it too.

Dr. Weitz:                            Huh.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     I don’t know why it dropped out. But you could do a PubMed search of pomegranate husk. Punica granatum is the botanical name, antimicrobial, or even Google Scholar it, and you’ll get hundreds of papers. It’s so well researched as an antimicrobial agent.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. But it doesn’t-

Dr. Hawrelak:                     It kills worms, it kills Giardia, it kills Entamoeba, kills a range of fungi, it kills pathogenic bacteria but leaves good bacteria alone. And for me, I’m just gobsmacked that there aren’t more people in industry who are like, “Oh, my God. Look at this, something that’s got hundreds of research papers on it. Why don’t we make a product with that?”  And listen, it is happened here in Australia. I’ve been talking about the wonders of pomegranate husk for 20 years. And now there’s like four or five different products with pomegranate husk on the market for clinicians to access. But in America [inaudible 00:49:45]-

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     … to go there. You can buy the powder, you can buy organic pomegranate husk powder.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, really?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     What I love too is it’s a waste product. It’s like they’re throwing it out anyway, so it’s no ecological concerns about its use. We’re not like finding some rare herb, or something.

Dr. Weitz:                           Where do you get organic pomegranate husk powder?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Well, there’s a brand in the states it’s called eSutras, E-S-U-T-R-A-S, that does organic pomegranate husk, pomegranate skin powder, pomegranate peel. And as more people are aware of it, more people will start requesting it. And then that’ll make a change in terms of how accessible it is.

Dr. Weitz:                           Interesting.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But as I said, unlike some things where we worry about ecological concerns about harvesting Goldenseal, or Coptis, or something like that-

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     … because they’re these rare slow growing plants. This is the waste product of a huge industry, that we can get bioorganic pomegranates, we can get organic skins, and we can make medicine from that. And we should be given its research base, it’s long use over thousands of years, and its selectivity of action.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah. I know you’ve talked on other podcasts about being worried about some of the antimicrobials as potentially damaging the microbiome as well?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And that came directly out of my PhD research, where we were looking at the impact of herbs on the microbiome. And I was like, “Oh, look at the herbs that cause harm.” And it just occurred to me, what are these herbs doing to our good guys? And no one had done any research around that back in the early 2000s.  So I was like, “Okay, I want to do this in vitro experiment of trying to grow these beneficial bacteria, expose them to a range of different antimicrobial herbs and see the impact.” And it was fascinating to see, because there were some substances like the berberine containing herbs like Goldenseal or Coptis chinensis that were amazingly good at killing Bifidobacteria. They’re good at killing Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli were more resilient. But there wasn’t a dose that you could kill bad guys without harming beneficial species.

                                                But there are other things like garlic, that could kill Candida and a range of pathogenic bacteria, and completely leave good guys intact. Whereas if you got the dose of garlic up high enough? Yeah, it would harm the good guys as well. So for me, that was a pretty pivotal research project, that really changed my thinking around this stuff. Going, “Okay, well these verbs can cause harm. Maybe we should choose the ones that are acting selectively.” And that’s really been the core of my practice since early 2000s, when I did that research project.

                                                And now we have clear data on some studies looking at long-term berberine use in blood sugar control. And yeah, it does. And it brought down blood lipids and improved blood sugar control. But it hammered Bifidobacteria populations, it decreased butyrate producing species, it decreased diversity of the ecosystem. And perhaps most surprisingly caused blooms of E. coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and a range of Proteobacteria bloomed with long-term use of berberine.  Which I think was fascinating, because I was not expecting that. I was expecting Bifidobacteria diversity can go down with its long-term use. And probably butyrate producers with long-term use. The short-term use doesn’t seem to have such a big impact. But I was not expecting blooms of harmful Proteobacteria associated with long term berberine use.

Dr. Weitz:                            I heard you say something like that. I did a little data searching on berberine. And there were some papers that even showed that it was beneficial for butyrate producers, that it has a beneficial effect?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And I think short-term versus long-term is one of the factors.

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And there’s a couple of studies out of China, that they used hundreds of participants. They’re actually large studies and with three months of use, versus two weeks of use, or four weeks of use. And then you saw different patterns. We saw the blooms of Proteobacteria, the clear decrease of Bifidobacteria, and clear decrease of butyrate producers. And we may not see that decrease of butyrate producers in the short term studies.

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay. So when you’re talking about berberine, there are different products on the market. And I was talking to one of the manufacturers. And they said, “Look, when we are trying to use berberine as an antimicrobial, we’re giving you berberine from all these different herbs mixed together. When we’re using berberine as a blood sugar, and actually berberine is one of the few substances that’s been shown to reverse atherosclerotic plaque in arteries, when we’re using it for that purpose, we’re using berberine hydro…” What’s it called?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Hydrochloride, probably.

Dr. Weitz:                           Hydrochloride, yeah. And that has a different action than berberine being derived from herbs. Do you think that makes a difference?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     No. I think it’s got to do with absorption. I think that’s what’s key is that berberine derived from Coptis, I think, it’s going to be same as berberine hydrochloride from an action standpoint. I think it’s whether it’s absorbed or not? And berberine, the challenge with berberine is it’s very poorly absorbed for the most part. Because our peak glycoprotein pump doesn’t like it.  So it’s gets into the cell, and your enterocyte’s like, “Oh, I don’t want this thing,” and spit it back out into the lumen of the gut. So because of that, most of the berberine you ingest stays in the colon, where it interacts with the ecosystem. And long-term causes harm to that ecosystem.  Now, there are ways of probably trying to enhance the absorption of berberine. And there are some companies that have focused on that, where they can combine it with Phosphocholine, the same way they do with turmeric or Boswellia, they combine.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Or green tea extract, they can combine it with Phosphocholine which increase absorption. Clinically I’ve used black pepper or piperine to improve the absorption of berberine as well, to get it out of the gut into the bloodstream. For me, I’m using it to treat dental abscess infections, where I want the antimicrobial action of berberine, but I don’t want it in the gut, I want it in the bloodstream. And piperine turns off peak glycoprotein pumps and enterocytes. So you actually end up with a ton more berberine in your bloodstream if you take it with piperine.  So there are ways of modulating it, so you can increase the absorption and decrease colonic damage with its use. But I think it’s imperative we’re aware of the fact that it does harm the microbiome with long-term use too. Because we might have options, like if we go, “All right, berberine is one way of controlling blood sugar. But so is Nigella sativa, black seed.” Tons of studies on that showing very similar results. And you don’t get the microbiome harm with black seed.

                                                So I’m like, there’s often, often choices. With atherosclerosis, I came across a study that used, I think it was Pycnogenol and Gotu kola, showing clearance of artery plaque with long-term use. And again, I’m much more comfortable using that for months to years than I am berberine. I don’t mind using berberine for two weeks, no issue at all for just treating Giardia as something, I don’t mind using it for two weeks. Or I don’t mind again, treating a dental abscess where I’m giving it with, or other systemic infection, with black pepper to enhance the absorption for 10 to 14 days.  But I’m really cautious with any more than 14 days use. And we don’t necessarily know at what point we get that more substantive microbiome harm with berberine. We can just say the studies that looked at three months, definitely showed the damage that was done. So for me, I’d certainly be cautious that it’s something to recommend on a daily basis for years, such as substance.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yeah, I haven’t seen that. But… Yeah. Yeah.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah, it would be interesting if you did shotgun metagenomic sequencing with all your patients pre and post.

Dr. Weitz:                            Oh, okay. Yeah.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     So you do that beforehand, do it after three months, and see the impact. I can just say that I’ve seen it with my patients.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And I’ve seen the research is clear with long-term use, there are certain patterns that you start seeing with it that are not positive.

Dr. Weitz:                            You just mentioned turmeric. I’ve been using curcumin, a highly absorbed form of curcumin to help some patients with visceral hypersensitivity.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            I’ve seen a couple of papers on that. What do you think about that?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yep. Love it. I love it. And I use it heaps for that same purpose too. I use Iberogast lots for that.

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Iberogast, it’s a herbal combination.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     For whatever reason it’s hard to come by in the US. But in Australia and in Europe it’s much easier to find.

Dr. Weitz:                            Yes. Somehow for a while it wasn’t available at all.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                            And something happened with the manufacturer, or I don’t know.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah, I’m not sure. We had constant access to it here, so I’m not sure what happened overseas. But it’s something that effectively decreases visceral hypersensitivity with patients. Because I think I’ve got some patients who have IBS and they go, “Oh, I’ve tried Iberogast for two weeks and it didn’t decrease my symptoms.” I’m like, “Well, yeah.” We’re lucky if it decreases the symptoms, and a lot of people it will decrease bloating, and distention, and abdominal pain, and cramping for sure.  But we’re using it to decrease visceral hypersensitivity. And that takes three plus months of use to see that kind of benefit. And I use it all the time with a well-absorbed turmeric phytosome extract, so that they’re… And usually within three to six months there’s a massive improvement in their visceral hypersensitivity. Which means that their diet can be expanded, they can have more onions, and garlic, and legumes, and other things that nurture a wide range of beneficial microbes they may have had to cut out, because their gut was so sensitive to gas pressure.

Dr. Weitz:                           Interesting. So some people might be able to tolerate a much lower level of gas, if so, it’s not just about getting the gas down?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Oh, totally.

Dr. Weitz:                           It’s… Yeah.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. That’s very clear from the IBS research that, yeah, there is some research showing that people with IBS have produced more gas. But there’s more research showing that they’re sensitive to the gas being produced. And I always tell this example to my patients, but they put these special balloons up their butts and they pump up those balloons, and people with IBS will complain of pain when the balloon is this full, whereas normal people would when the balloon is that full, before they get the same degree of pain and discomforted.

Dr. Weitz:                           Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Because the nerves are just hypersensitive. And that can be pretty extreme in some cases.

Dr. Weitz:                           It depends if you take the population from West Hollywood or not. I’m just kidding. So what do you think about soil-based probiotics?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Ah. Listen, I’ve been organic gardening for over 30 years. I love it. And I organic garden all the time. I’m with nature, and I’m drinking creek water, and exposing myself to lots of wild microbes. And I think that’s important.

Dr. Weitz:                           Are you drinking creek water?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     I do drink. Well, not from a dirty source obviously. But if I’m out in the rainforest and it looks clean? Yes, I’ll drink creek water. I was out in Canada up in the highland Rocky Mountains where again, I don’t think people were peeing and pooing upstream. And I’m happy drinking creek water. And I wouldn’t even worry if it was like healthy people peeing or pooing to be honest. It’s just like people who don’t have such healthy gut ecosystems or are have Giardia or something, I don’t want to drink their downstream water.  But it is an interesting way of picking up microbes from the environment, anyway. And I think we even know that interestingly though, even having a more diverse garden, if you have a wider diversity of plants growing in your garden, you have a more diverse gut ecosystem as well. So we are certainly always picking up microbes from the environment. Generally it’s temporary, usually.

Dr. Weitz:                           Oh, so I’m really referring to spore-based probiotics?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Well, you are talking about soil-based ones too. But I suppose I’m just taking the conversation a bit further. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                           I think spore-based are often referred to as soil-based?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                           Right?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And I think that-

Dr. Weitz:                            And are they the same or not?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Well, I don’t think all soil-based ones will be spore formers, for sure not.

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay. Not. But spore are soil-based? Okay, I see.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But certainly the ones that people are often marketing, they are spore based. And originally probably derived from soil as well.

Dr. Weitz:                           Okay.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. I think there’s a growing body of evidence building around the use, which I’m really happy to see. I think they were over hyped initially compared to the evidence base. And I think that’s changing is more evidence comes onboard. So for me it’s always around evidence, if there’s evidence that this product is safe and efficacious, whether it comes from soil, or it comes from the skin of litchis, or it came from some healthy Swedish person’s gut, or another Swedish person’s breast milk?  Like the reuteri DSM 17938 came from someone’s breast milk, for example. I’m totally happy to use it if it’s safe and efficacious. And again, I don’t mind if it’s coming from soil or whatnot. I just think that the evidence base for them as class compared to Bifidobacteria, or Lactobacilli, or even Saccharomyces is just a lot less at the moment.

Dr. Weitz:                           Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But there’s research on Bacillus coagulans. GBI306086, I think from memory is its code name, strain name, that for rheumatoid arthritis. And there’s no other probiotic with good data for rheumatoid arthritis. So I will definitely use that in that condition for sure. So I think if it has something that’s unique or better evidence based, I would totally use them irrespective of where they came from.

Dr. Weitz:                           Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. And I think just sometimes the generalizations out there sometimes are a bit much, of like, “Oh, coming from the soil, therefore we should all be ingesting it.” It’s like, “Well, what soil? Where, which part of the world?” Soil would be different elsewhere. The assumption that something that lived in garden soil is going to be a happy in your gut growing at 37 degrees in quite a different environment than soil is a bit much too, if you’re expecting it to permanently colonize.   But we know that sometimes you can pick up bugs from soil, and have them stay for long periods of time. And we know that people who are active gardeners in summer, they can have a tremendous number of increased microbes. Some people, compared to what it’s in winter when they’re not actively gardening, where you have temporary visitors of these soil derived microbes as well.

Dr. Weitz:                            You mentioned a specific probiotic that helps with rheumatoid arthritis. The GI-MAP stool test which we tend to do a lot, has a section where they have bacteria that may be correlated with autoimmune conditions. And there’s a certain amount of data showing that those specific bacteria, that there’s a certain level of correlation with specific autoimmune conditions. And so if those bacteria are overgrown, the idea is maybe if I could reduce that bacteria, maybe we could have some benefit. What do you think? Where are we? Is it still pretty speculative?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Oh, I think it’s a bit speculative. But we see disease associations [inaudible 01:04:14] certain patterns with certain disease states all the time. And I can say I’m a clinician too. So I’m a researcher clinician, I see patients. So I see what works and what doesn’t work. And I’m happy to prescribe things that work clinically too, that haven’t even been researched necessarily yet either.   So I’m okay with some relatively novel stuff of going, “Okay, there’s a study that shows that low Akkermansia or low Bifidobacteria in eczema seems to be a common pattern.” And I go, “Okay. Well, I will increase Bifidobacteria in my eczema population.” And clinically you see good results by doing that in terms of decreased allergies and decreased reactivity. So I’ll base my decisions along that too.  So I think yes, there’ll be a degree of speculative that’s there, but you might have to again trace that back. I’m not familiar with all the microbes that they associate with increased risk of autoimmunity.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     And you might just want to double check that. And going, “Okay. Well, do I concur by my view of the connection between those ones?”

Dr. Weitz:                            Sure. Yeah.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     But I’m open to that approach in general, of the different disease associations, associate diseases with different microbiotic patterns. And how we can modify that to change the disease process. Because that’s something I do every day in clinical practice, and see the results of.

Dr. Weitz:                            Cool. Great. Awesome discussion. Jason, thank you so much. I could ask you a hundred more questions. But I appreciate your time and I respect it. So tell our listeners and viewers about the things you have to offer, the Probiotic Advisor, your courses, where can they go?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. So we set up the Probiotic Advisor as an independent, evidence-based, accessible information around probiotics. So you can take industry out of the way, out of the equation and go, “What does the evidence say about this probiotic strain for this condition?” So it’s a searchable database, where you can type in a condition or a product, and you can work out what the research says it should be used for.   And that’s been going for a number of years. And that’s one of my babies that came out again, of wanting people to be as evidence-based when possible, in choosing… We really wanted to improve outcomes with patients, that’s what it boils down to. And if we can do that by using evidence to go, “Okay, this product chain works for this condition, this one doesn’t?” Use the one that works, don’t use the one that doesn’t.   And don’t even just guess, maybe it’ll work. Just use the one that works. And I also offer a range of courses through the Microbiome Restoration Center as well. And I’m mostly targeting clinicians, because I love teaching clinicians around gut health and microbiome restorations. So we have two general courses, natural and functional medicine approaches to gastrointestinal conditions.

                                                And then another 10 week course, which is Advanced Microbiome Manipulation. Which is all about some of the concepts we talked about today. But about different testing approaches in different labs and interpretations. But also how to modify ecosystems in beneficial ways. In a way that, for me, the thing that came out of my PhD looking at the wonders of the microbiome, I’ve been indoctrinated in the wonders of the microbiome from the late ’90s when I started my first reading around the microbiome, is choosing therapeutic approaches that minimize harm from the microbiome perspective. Which is an old naturopathic concept of first to no harm.

                                                And I think if we have choices of tools, we can choose berberine or we can choose pomegranate husk? I’m going to choose pomegranate husk. If I can get the same outcomes, without the negative outcomes on microbiome perspective, I will choose that first. So that underlying philosophy that runs through my teaching, is to optimize ecosystem and minimize agents that cause harm, or interventions that cause harm as much as we can.  And also being aware. Like I had a patient last week who, a ketogenic curated diet for child epilepsy made a huge difference, huge difference to having daily seizures that were uncontrollable, to having mild seizures daily from doing a ketogenic diet. But our focus will be on how do we maintain your ecosystem health, when you’re on this diet that you need to be on because it’s really helpful for you? How do we make sure you’re still feeding your beneficial bacteria? And how do we prevent the bloom of harmful species, that over the long term could potentially actually be counterproductive to what we’re trying to achieve in terms of neurological inflammation?  So I think always having that, as how do we optimize microbiome health for this person? And how do we choose agents that are most likely to do that, at the forefront of our minds as clinicians.

Dr. Weitz:                            That’s great. And if listeners want to work with you?

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah. I do see patients through Gould’s Natural Medicine, which is my clinic down in Hobart, although I’m not in Hobart now. But I see patients internationally, I’m completely online these days.

Dr. Weitz:                            Right.

Dr. Hawrelak:                     Yeah.

 


 

Dr. Weitz:                            Okay. Great. Thank you so much. Thank you for making it all the way through this episode of the Rational Wellness Podcast. For those of you who enjoy listening to the Rational Wellness Podcast, I would certainly appreciate it if you could go to Apple Podcasts or Spotify, and give us a five star ratings and review. That way more people will discover the Rational Wellness Podcast.  And I wanted to let everybody know that I do have some openings for new patients. So I can see you for a functional medicine consultation for specific health issues like gut problems, autoimmune diseases, cardiometabolic conditions. Or for an executive health screen to help you promote longevity, and take a deeper dive into some of those factors that can lead to chronic diseases along the way.   And that usually means we’re going to do some more detailed lab work, stool testing, sometimes urine testing. And we’re going to look at a lot more details to get a better picture of your overall health, from a preventative functional medicine perspective. So if you’re interested, please call my Santa Monica Weitz Sports Chiropractic and Nutrition Office at 310-395-31-11. And we can set you up for a new consultation for functional medicine. I’ll talk to everybody next week.

 

Dr. Peter Bongiorno discusses An Integrative Approach to Depression and Anxiety at the Functional Medicine Discussion Group meeting on September 28, 2023 with moderator Dr. Weitz.  

[If you enjoy this podcast, please give us a rating and review on Apple Podcasts, so more people will find The Rational Wellness Podcast. Also check out the video version on my WeitzChiro YouTube page.] 

 

Podcast Highlights

9:27   The Neurotransmitter Theory of Depression and Anxiety.  This theory is that specific neurotransmitters are responsible for mood disorders. For example, this theory includes the idea that depression is caused by a deficiency of serotonin.  In 2008 the New England Journal of Medicine published a paper suggesting that maybe this whole serotonin theory wasn’t true, and a lot more people who took SSRIs actually didn’t have as positive effect. [Belmaker RH, Agam G. Major Depressive Disorder. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:55-68.]  Then Fournier in JAMA published a paper showing that SSRIs had no better effect than placebo for mild to moderate depression, though they are beneficial for severe depression. In 2020 a paper discussed that the evidence is that “The main areas of serotonin research provide no consistent evidence of there being an association between serotonin and depression, and no support for the hypothesis that depression is caused by lowered serotonin activity or concentrations.” [Moncrieff, J., Cooper, R.E., Stockmann, T. et al. The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry (2022).]  Some studies show that a medication, Stablon, which lowers serotonin, is equally effective as SSRI drugs that raise serotonin levels.  This is not to say that serotonin has no effect but only 27 to 35% of patients who take an antidepressant have a positive response.  Even if serotonin is a factor, there may be other factors that affect whether that antidepressant can be effective, such as do they have enough amino acids in their diet to make neurotransmitters?  It could also be because estrogen or other hormones are low or their adrenals or thyroid are off. Even if depression or anxiety are related to a neurotransmitter issue, we should be trying to figure out what caused this dysregulation of neurotransmitters.  Those reasons can include physiology, nutrients, hormones, inflammation, digestion, lack of sleep, not enough exercise, too much exercise, mitochondrial dysfunction, toxicity, mold.

16:02  SSRIs.  Drugs that potentially modulate serotonin and the other neurotransmitters, like the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) even when they do work, tend to stop working after a period of time. And there are many problems with these drugs, including that they are very difficult to get off of these drugs when you want to stop taking them and they have significant side effects, including a significant increase in all-cause mortality.  Dr. John Neustadt spoke at the Connecticut Naturopathic Conference about how SSRIs increase the risk of osteoporosis by changing osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity.  Also when you place someone on these SSRI medications, it does change the function of the HPA axis and does change the ability and the balance of how the body regulates things like circadian rhythm, how it regulates the production of neurotransmitters, how it regulates the production of receptors.

20:32  Dietary Factors.  Two of the most important factors are the patient sleeping and pooping?  It is critical that the patient is having a good bowel movement daily.  We need to facilitate that whether it is adding fiber, water, magnesium, etc. If the patient has a lot of anxiety, that tends to put them into sympathetic mode, which shuts down the bowels. So we need to calm their anxiety, whether that is through supplements or acupuncture. Then the next step is to look at their diet and see what we can change to get them eating better.  The best diet is probably some version of the Mediterranean diet, which Professor Almudena Sanchez-Villegas showed in several papers how it improves the endothelial lining of the blood vessels and reduces inflammation and also that this diet both prevents and helps to treat anxiety and depression. [Sánchez-Villegas A, Henríquez P, Bes-Rastrollo M, Doreste J. Mediterranean diet and depression. Public Health Nutr. 2006 Dec;9(8A):1104-9.]  [Sánchez-Villegas A, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Alonso A, Schlatter J, Lahortiga F, Serra Majem L, Martínez-González MA. Association of the Mediterranean dietary pattern with the incidence of depression: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra/University of Navarra follow-up (SUN) cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Oct;66(10):1090-8.]  [Sánchez-Villegas, A., Martínez-González, M.A., Estruch, R. et al. Mediterranean dietary pattern and depression: the PREDIMED randomized trial. BMC Med 11, 208 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-208

23:35  Blood Sugar.  Blood sugar is especially important for anxiety.  Kids who have anxiety often have high blood insulin and low blood sugar from eating highly processed, high carbohydrate foods, which stresses out the primitive brain.  Dr. Bongiorno will sometimes see kids who are eating poorly and will have high insulin, low blood sugar, and low iron (ferritin) and that is a recipe for anxiety.  A patient like this may have multiple nutritional deficiencies.  Such patients often have trouble focusing, so they may get put on medications for focus and ADHD, which ramps up the dopamine and this makes the anxiety worse. We may now have a young girl who other than her poor diet is otherwise healthy and now she finds herself on medication for focus and several medications for anxiety and we still haven’t fixed the underlying issues yet.  This patient is likely not eating enough protein to give her brain enough of the amino acids and other nutrients needed to produce the serotonin that she is taking medication to try to increase, so this approach is likely to fail.  Or they may have poor digestion or low stomach acid or they may not be chewing their food well because they are anxious and in a rush, which means they are not breaking down their proteins.  Or their microbiome may be out of balance and this may affect neurotransmitter production and hormone production, etc. A good recommendation for such patients is to make sure to have a good breakfast in the morning when their digestion is its strongest.  While intermittent fasting can be beneficial for a number of reasons, for the patient who is anxious and undernourished and has low blood sugar, it may make more sense to have smaller, more frequent meals.  On the other hand, for a postmenopausal woman who is having trouble taking weight off, intermittent fasting and detoxification may be beneficial.

30:54  Coffee.  Coffee can be healthy and beneficial, especially for those with depression, and its a good way to get the bowels moving.  On the other hand, depending upon the person, it could increase anxiety.  It depends upon how well that person processes caffeine. It should be organic and we should avoid putting sugar and dairy in it.

32:58  Alcohol.  We used to think that a modest amount of alcohol was healthy, but now the studies seem to be showing that for cancer, no amount of alcohol is good.  It may have a slight benefit for heart health in raising HDL levels.  Alcohol has a relaxing effect, so that may have some benefit, esp. for anxiety.  Dr. Bongiorno told how his parents used to drink a Manhattan before dinner, which they placed gentian bitters in, which they would do while his mom was making dinner. The alcohol relaxed them and the bitters promoted the release of digestive enzymes, promotes better digestion.   

36:17  Sleep.  Sleep is crucial to good health and mood.  During sleep is when we detoxify our brains and where our mitochondria build back up.

38:19  Exercise.  Exercise is crucial for mental health and if you are feeling stressed and you don’t move your body, the stress hormones tend to affect your brain more.  When we are under stress, we are in a fight or flight mode and we need to move to equalize that stress, while we work on creating better balance in our nervous system.  Exercise helps us build better mitochondria, which we need for our nervous system to work really well.  In the short term, exercise increases gut permeability, but when we exercise regularly, we have less gut permeability and we have better digestion.  People who exercise regularly feel better and live longer.

47:04  Labs.  Dr. Bongiorno likes to run labs for mental health, whether the problem is anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder.  But first we should take a good history and make sure the basics are there, including sleep, exercise, eating green vegetables and consuming essential fats.  Then he will usually run the basics like a CBC, blood sugar, insulin, A1c, a full thyroid panel with antibodies, vitamin D and an iron panel, incl. ferritin for iron storage. And then looking at some of the vitamins, magnesium, zinc, zinc-to-copper ratio, B12.  Depending upon the patient, he will also run sex hormones and then look at adrenal cortisol testing, melatonin and glutathione levels, and mycotoxin testing can be helpful. Stool testing can also be beneficial to look at the microbiome.  He will try to work through Quest and LabCorp when possible for the basic lab work in order to have them covered by insurance and then he relies on specialty labs like the DUTCH panel, Genova for adrenal testing, Diagnostic Solutions for genetic profiles and stool testing, RealTime Labs and MyMycoLab for mycotoxin testing.

55:25  Nutritional Supplements. NAC has some impressive research findings for its benefits of depression, including severe depression and even as an acute intervention for patients who are suicidal. [Hans D, Rengel A, Hans J, Bassett D, Hood S. N-Acetylcysteine as a novel rapidly acting anti-suicidal agent: A pilot naturalistic study in the emergency setting. PLoS One. 2022 Jan 28;17(1):e0263149.] It’s beneficial for bipolar disorder and for trichotillomania or hair pulling, which can be part of an obsessive compulsive disorder. [Nery FG, Li W, DelBello MP, Welge JA. N-acetylcysteine as an adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bipolar Disord. 2021 Nov;23(7):707-714.]  NAC is a precursor for glutathione and its a good mucolytic.  Some of the other most effective supplements supported by research for mood disorders are St. John’s wort, SAMe, curcumin, and Rhodiola.  St. John’s wort is supported by many studies and meta-analyses but some are concerned about the fact that it affects the metabolism of certain drugs, such as blood thinners like Plavix. [Canenguez Benitez JS, Hernandez TE, Sundararajan R, Sarwar S, Arriaga AJ, Khan AT, Matayoshi A, Quintanilla HA, Kochhar H, Alam M, Mago A, Hans A, Benitez GA. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using St. John’s Wort as a Treatment for Depression. Cureus. 2022 Sep 22;14(9):e29468.] Fish oil supports healthy cell membranes, which facilitates the flow of nutrients into cells and ability to remove toxins from the cells.  Dr. Bongiorno likes using the omega check to measure essential fatty acids is helpful.  Fish oil helps the anti-depressants to work better. S-adenosyl-L-methionine, can help the body move some of the cycles that help create better neurotransmitters, especially if people have poor methylation.  This is also needed to make CoQ10.  Methylated B vitamins can also be very helpful.  Rhodiola is a natural COMT inhibitor and it can work synergistically to keep neurotransmitters at a higher level.  Curcumin is also a natural anti-depressant as well as an anti-inflammatory.  Saffron has been shown to have benefits for libido for patients with libido problems when taking SSRI drugs.  Lithium orotate, aka nutritional lithium, is effective in helping to calm anxiousness and impulsivity. It helps to calm the amygdala. You can check on lithium levels with hair analysis to make sure you don’t end up having too high a level.  The dosage is usually between 5 and 20 mg.  It also works well combined with CBD.  [Hamstra SI, Roy BD, Tiidus P, MacNeil AJ, Klentrou P, MacPherson REK, Fajardo VA. Beyond its Psychiatric Use: The Benefits of Low-dose Lithium Supplementation. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2023;21(4):891-910.]  Specific amino acids can help to support the production of various neurotransmitters, including 5-HTP for serotonin, Mucuna and tyrosine for dopamine, GABA, etc.  Vitamins B6, Vitamin D, and zinc are important co-factors.  Dr. Bongiorno likes to use 5-HTP for daytime and tryptophan at night for sleep.                                        

 

 



Dr. Peter Bongiorno is a Naturopathic Doctor and Acupuncturist and he is the co-director of InnerSource Natural Health and Acupuncture, with offices in New York City and on Long Island.  He also works with clients around the world via phone and Skype.  He did research at the National Institutes of Health in the department of Neuroimmunology and then went to Bastyr University to study naturopathic medicine and acupuncture.  He wrote a number of books, including Healing Depression in 2010 and Holistic Solutions for Anxiety and Depression in Therapy: Combining Natural Therapies with Conventional Care in 2015, both targeted for physicians, as well as How Come They’re Happy and I’m Not, and Put Anxiety Behind You: The Complete Drug Free Program

Dr. Weitz is available for Functional Nutrition consultations specializing in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders like IBS/SIBO and Reflux and also Cardiometabolic Risk Factors like elevated lipids, high blood sugar, and high blood pressure.  Dr. Weitz has also successfully helped many patients with managing their weight and improving their athletic performance, as well as sports chiropractic work by calling his Santa Monica office 310-395-3111. Dr. Weitz is also available for video or phone consultations.

 



 

Podcast Transcript

Dr. Weitz:                   Hey, this is Dr. Weitz, host of the Rational Wellness Podcast. I talk to the leading health and nutrition experts and researchers in the field to bring you the latest in cutting edge health information. Subscribe to the Rational Wellness Podcast for weekly updates and to learn more, check out my website, drweitz.com. Thanks for joining me and let’s jump into the podcast.  Okay. Hello everybody. I’m Dr. Weitz, in case you don’t know. Thank you for joining our functional medicine discussion group meeting tonight with Dr. Peter Bongiorno on an integrative approach to depression and anxiety. I hope you’ll consider joining some of our other upcoming meetings. October 26th, we’ll be discussing integrative cardiology with Dr. Howard Elkin, and this will be our first in-person meetings since 2019. November 16th, we’re going to meet again. Topic is most likely going to be long COVID, though I still have to confirm it. December, we’re going to be off, and then January 25th, we’ll start off the year with Dr. Vojdani. I encourage you to participate in the discussion by typing your question into the chat box, and then I’ll either call on you or ask Dr. Bongiorno your question when it’s appropriate.  If you’re not aware, we have a closed Facebook page, the Functional Medicine Discussion Group of Santa Monica. This is for practitioners that you should join, so we can continue the conversation when this evening’s over. I’m recording the event and it’ll be included in my weekly Rational Wellness podcast.  The Rational Wellness Podcast is available on Apple Podcast, Spotify. There’s a video version on YouTube. If you don’t listen to it regularly, please check it out. If you do listen to it regularly, please give me a five star review on Apple or Spotify. And I’d like to thank our sponsor now, which is Integrative Therapeutics, and we have Steve Snyder on the line to tell us about a few Integrative Therapeutic products. Steve?


Steve Snyder:             If I can unmute. I always hate talking at these things because I know that everybody’s waiting for the speaker to talk and they’re way more interesting, but this one happens to be kind of right up our alley, and we have a few products that I just want to remind people about. The big one is Lavela, which is our lavender oral essential oil, essentially for anxiety. This is one of the products that we grow ourselves and market in Europe. So there’s about 25 clinical studies on it showing significant reduction in symptoms and similar efficacy to pharma products. It’s the real deal. Really the only side effect to it, and Dr. Bongiorno, you might be able to … people burp lavender. It’s not the worst thing in the world. It’s better than fish oil, but we also have a product called Neurologix that includes saffron, citicoline, and a unique spearmint extract that’s mostly for kind of a cognitive improvement, but it does also have a serious impact on mood, and we feel like those are sort of connected. And then… Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                   Hey, Steve, can you just address the concern that some people have about using lavender? There’s this thought out there that’s going to decrease testosterone levels.

Steve Snyder:             So this is one of those urban legends that we can’t get to go away, and thanks for letting me throw this one out there, too. Sort of like black pepper and curcumin. The lavender issue is related sort of, if you do a little Google searching, it all comes back to one doctor who had one patient, it was a kid who used to bathe in lavender and he got gynecomastia. It went away when they stopped bathing him in lavender. But there’s really nothing to that other than that sort of snowballed into all of these references that basically go back to that same thing.  We have a warning on it to not use it in prepubescent men or males, but it’s literally one of our top five selling products, and we’ve never had any report of it. So if you know us, you know how conservative we are on labeling stuff. If there was any kind of worry about it, we would have it plastered all over the product and we don’t. And literally, this is one of the most heavily studied nutritional supplements out there. It’s over 20 studies now, so it’s not something we’re worried about. And if we’re not worried about it, I’m fairly certain you shouldn’t be worried about it. So does that help?

Dr. Weitz:                   Okay. Great. Yeah, thanks Steve.

Dr. Bongiorno:            And then the Theracurmin, the curcumin supplement, that’s a big one for mood and memory as well, all kinds of cognitive stuff. We actually have a new one that’s better than Theracurmin called Curalieve. There’s no clinical studies on anxiety and depression yet, but there’s a great one on memory and mood. And then Cortisol Manager, that’s everybody’s favorite for everything, so we always say that one. So I’ll throw some links into the chat and if anybody [practitioners] wants to know more about them or sample any of these, we can make that happen.

Dr. Weitz:                   That’s great. Thanks, Steve.

Steve Snyder:             Yeah.


Dr. Weitz:                   So, let me just quickly introduce the topic and then we’ll introduce our speaker and we’ll get started. So we’re going to talk about mood disorders. Depression is a mood disorder characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness and hopelessness and a loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities. Gallup research found in 2023 that the percentage of US adults who report having been diagnosed with depression at some point in their lifetime has reached 29%, the all-time high and 10 points higher than in 2015. Anxiety is characterized by feelings of worry, nervousness, or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one’s daily activities.  In 2023, 28% of US adults reported symptoms of anxiety disorder in the past two weeks, though this was lower than the all time high in 2021.

                                   Dr. Peter Bongiorno is a naturopathic doctor and acupuncturist in New York City, and he also works with clients via phone and Skype. He’s written a number of books including Healing Depression, Holistic Solutions for Anxiety & Depression, which is an incredible book, and I’m reading it again for the third time. And there’s just so many great clinical pearls, especially for functional medicine practitioners.  And he also wrote How Come They’re Happy and I’m Not?, and Put Anxiety Behind You: The Complete Drug-Free Program. Both of these are for patients. His website is drpeterbongiorno.com. Peter, thank you so much for joining us.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Thank you, Dr. Ben. Thank you for that introduction, and thank you for bringing people together and spreading good energy. Really appreciate it.

Dr. Weitz:                   Absolutely. Yes, it’s my mission. So it sounds like anxiety levels were highest during COVID, which I guess is understandable, but it sounds like maybe depression has resulted from all this, and I wonder if this might even be a untalked about symptom of long COVID.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. Well, I mean, I think there are a lot of similar underlying factors that contribute to long COVID, and a lot of those factors and mechanisms also play a very strong role in depression as well. So it makes a lot of sense to me that we’re going to see this clinical and subclinical long COVID syndrome. And along with that, we’re going to see more depression, too.

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. So let’s start by talking about the neurotransmitter theory of depression and anxiety for those who aren’t … I’m sure we must all be familiar with it, but the concept is that somehow depression, for example, is caused by a deficiency of serotonin, and that specific neurotransmitters are responsible for these mood disorders, and that’s somehow we can modulate this by taking medications that increase serotonin or norepinephrine.  Where are we in terms of this theory?  Have we learned?  Is there more evidence for this concept, or is it even more in doubt?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah.  Well, I mean, in the end, it really depends on the patient, right?  But if you look at the literature, the New England Journal of Medicine in the early aughts, I think it was maybe 2008 or nine had published a paper suggesting that maybe this whole serotonin theory wasn’t true, and a lot more people who took SSRIs actually didn’t have as positive effect.   And then a few years later, a fellow named Fournier in JAMA, right?

Dr. Weitz:                   Yeah.

Dr. Bongiorno:            The Journal of the American Medical Association, published a paper looking at all the studies that supposedly weren’t looked at. Some people felt they were hidden, and that’s why we didn’t see them. And when he looked at them all, what he noticed was that SSRIs really for mild to moderate depression, really didn’t have a better effect than using a placebo. In severe depression, there was a beneficial effect, but not in mild to moderate.  And then really about a year and a half ago, another paper came out of strongly suggesting that serotonin itself might not be as strong a player in depression as they thought originally. And it’s interesting because again, maybe about 10, 15 years ago, there are some studies on another medication called Stablon, which is the opposite of an SSRI.  It’s a serotonin…it actually helps keep less serotonin around.  And they found that about 30% of people did well with that drug, about the same amount that did well with the SSRIs.  And so, kind of people scratching their heads going, “Wait a second. One drug that does the exact opposite has as good effect as the drug that’s supposed to keep the serotonin around.”  And in my opinion, that’s not to say that serotonin has no effect.  What we need to understand is that neurotransmitters are real. If you think about disease, very typical metaphor, the disease is like an iceberg, right?  So neurotransmitters are the tip of that iceberg. So the question is, and there are maybe 27 to 35% of people when they take an antidepressant, they do feel better. And I believe that’s true. I’ve seen that clinically. So it’s not that no one does well with it, but it’s not, unfortunately, the high rates that originally that were being told to us. And the reason is is because there’s many, many other factors in depression besides serotonin, and maybe for 25, 30% of people, that is a major piece of it, but for many people it’s not. And then for the people that serotonin is a major factor then we have to ask, well, why is serotonin low that when we use the drug, it does work?

                                                And that could be so many other reasons. It could be not enough amino acids in their diet. It could be because estrogen is low or other hormones are low or adrenals are off, or thyroid. I mean, so there’s a whole lot of reasons. So that’s the question that we need to ask, not whether neurotransmitters themselves are the only reason. And that’s unfortunately where I think modern psychiatry has been for a long time. And when you think about psychiatry, I’ve worked with many psychiatrists over the years, and the ways explained to me was that before there were psychiatric meds, psychiatrists themselves weren’t looked at as, quote, “Real doctors,” because they didn’t have drugs. So they themselves felt like they weren’t real doctors because when somebody got sick, there wasn’t a drug to use. And then as the years went on, they developed all these different drugs. They accidentally, they were unearthed that they had some benefits. It was actually in the beginning, it was studying TB is actually how they started isoniazid. And they started figuring out this whole idea of mono means and the blocking of those. And anyway, that’s another story.

                                                But the point is then psychiatry started having drugs that they did notice having an effect, especially for patients who were originally put in sanitariums and locked away. And so, like the magic pill for so many other things, that seemed like the approach to take. And unfortunately, that’s still the approach that’s being taken. And we’re not getting to the point where we’re saying, “Okay, this human being has a lot of physiology going on.” And there’s a lot of different reasons in that physiology, nutrients, hormones, inflammation, digestion, lack of sleep, not enough exercise, too much exercise, mitochondrial dysfunction, toxicity, mold, all of these things that are going to play a role in why neurotransmitters change. So that’s what I’m hoping, as the years go on, that we’re going to start to understand is we have to really treat that whole person and all of those issues. And maybe it is a neurotransmitter issue, but we don’t want to just focus on trying to regulate a neurotransmitter. We want to figure out what the underlying cause of that dysregulation is if it is a neurotransmitter.

Dr. Weitz:                   Absolutely. And it also sounds like there’s a large number of neurotransmitters that have a number of different complex roles, and it sounds like it’s not as simple as just serotonin for depression and just another neurotransmitter to make you happy. There’s this complex symphony of various neurotransmitters that play various roles that we probably only scratching the surface on.  And then of course, we have the problems with these drugs, which are number one, that even when they do work after a while, they tend to stop working. They’re very difficult to get off of, and they have significant side effects, including a significant increase in all-cause mortality.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. I recently went to the Connecticut Naturopathic Conference and I gave a talk there, and one of my colleagues, Dr. John Neustad, he was speaking about SSRIs and the effect on osteoporosis, for example. And that was something that I’d heard a little bit about, but I didn’t know too much, and I didn’t realize how deeply those mechanisms lied and how they changed osteoclastic and osteoblastic formation.  And so, that was something kind of new for me in the world of SSRIs, which I always think about them even from a hypothermic pituitary adrenal access standpoint, how they really do change function. And I do find when patients are put on these medications, which sometimes in an urgent care situation where somebody might hurt themselves or somebody else, sometimes it can be lifesaving. So I’m not trying to say that they should never be used, but I think at this point, the prescriptions way outnumber the need for it by a factor of many.

                                    And unfortunately, when you place someone on these medications, it does change the function of the HPA axis and does change the ability and the balance of how the body regulates things like circadian rhythm, how it regulates the production of neurotransmitters, how it regulates the production of receptors. And especially in younger people, I see that sometimes can make it much harder to actually treat them because even if they feel better for a while with the medication, it still becomes more of a challenge to work on the underlying issues because now you have this HPA axis that’s now been manipulated and changed a bit, and that sometimes can make it a little more challenging to really treat the underlying causes.

Dr. Weitz:                   Interesting, interesting. So our challenge from a functional medicine approach is more difficult.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. And look, like I said, if you have somebody who can’t get out of bed, is thinking of hurting themselves-

Dr. Weitz:                   Absolutely.

Dr. Bongiorno:            .. when you want them to do all this nice testing and go to Whole Foods and buy some salmon, if anyone’s ever gone through it, you know. It’s nice to think about these things, but you feel awful and there’s nothing.  So sometimes medication can get you out of that place and bless it if it can, but it is a challenge once it’s there to figure out how to help the body rebalance. Not impossible, but it’s definitely, I think as functional medicine, naturopathic, holistic practitioners, and especially those of us who are working with the conventional psychiatry world, we have to create a process and maybe a flow that allows us to question like, “Okay, do we need this medication in the beginning? Is it safe to start with that one? Can we start by working on more of the basics? Does this person monitored properly and in a safe place? And are they a single mom who needs to take care of a child and isn’t taking care of this child?” We have to ask all these questions to find out whether, be a little more judicious when we start using medications and see if there’s an opportunity to not use it because I think that allows the functional medicine to work even better once we bring it in.

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. Especially as you’re describing in a case where somebody has mild to moderate depression-

Dr. Bongiorno:            Exactly.

Dr. Weitz:                   … they’re not suicidal, they’re not in a situation where they’re an air traffic controller or taking care of young kids that they might not otherwise be able to take care of. Certainly in those situations, whatever you can do, medication, anything else to get that person doing better is the most important thing.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Absolutely. Yep.

Dr. Weitz:                   So what are some of the most important dietary factors that play a role in triggering depression and anxiety? Is there a best diet? What sorts of things should we be thinking about?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. Well, when I think about working with someone who has any condition, but especially mental health, I think about two things. Are they sleeping and are they pooping? So as far as pooping, the first thing I think about is are the bowels moving enough? Because if the bowels aren’t moving preferably every day, it is hard to create balance with inflammation in the body, with toxicity, with hormones, with nutrition absorption. All of those things really rely on bowel movements and the bowels moving every day. So I find that that’s critical, and we need to do our best, whether it’s to add fiber, to add water. Sometimes when anxiety is so high, that can be a reason the bowels shut down because, of course, when you’re running from a bear, you’re not going to be sitting down to eat a meal. So the body, the perimeter brain naturally shuts the gut down.  So sometimes doing things more acutely to help lower anxiety can be useful, whether it’s through supplements or acupuncture, just to kind of calm things down a little bit to get the bowels moving. So getting the bowels moving is my first order of business. In a sense, I don’t even get as concerned with what a person’s eating unless I think it’s constipating them too, because we just want them moving. The body’s so resilient, and we all know this. We know people who can eat absolute junk and stay really healthy because the body just wants to be healthy. And sometimes with the right genetics, it could do it even with poor food, not that I’m recommending that.

                                                And then the next step would be sit down and say, “Okay, what are we eating here and what can we change for the better?” And I would say without knowing a person or knowing their sensitivities or their preferences, if I had to pick a diet, I’d probably start with some version of the Mediterranean diet. Sánchez and Villegas in Spain started studying the Mediterranean diet in the early aughts, probably about 2003 or four were the first papers that came out. And so many papers have come out since then. And they’ve really shown how the Mediterranean diet works on that endothelial lining of the blood vessels. And it really helps with inflammation. It really calms inflammatory markers, the benefits it has on anxiety and depression to both prevent and treat the condition.   When you really look at even studies on longevity and the blue zones, people are pretty much eating some geographical version of the Mediterranean diet. So that would be a place I would start in terms of foods.

Dr. Weitz:                   What are some of the other important dietary factors? Blood sugar we know is super important.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. So blood sugar is definitely, especially with anxiety, I find blood sugar regulation is a key. I was working with a young girl who came in 17 with her mom and very severe OCD and anxiety, and we talked a little bit and it was so clear that her blood sugar was so low. And then when I looked at her blood work, her blood sugar was around 62, her fasting blood sugar-

Dr. Weitz:                   Wow!

Dr. Bongiorno:            … which is pretty low, not the lowest I’ve seen, but pretty low for a fasting blood sugar. And because it wasn’t high, no doctors really talked about it that much. No one had mentioned it to her. No one looked at an A1c, but I bet you the A1c is probably around four, and no one really looked at insulin. And sometimes now in young people, you see these very high insulins because of all the highly processed carby foods we’re eating, it spikes all this insulin and then it drops their blood sugar. So you have kids who really don’t eat much nutritionally, and they’re still eating a lot of sugar. So you get this high insulin, low blood sugar, and if you want to get the primitive brain stressed out and create an anxiety response, just keep the blood sugar low.  And then in this particular case, one of the other things that I noticed was that the ferritin was very, very low. And I see this also because you get these young women who are menstruating typically earlier and earlier, they’re not really eating nutritional food, not getting iron in, blood sugar is low, iron is low, and that’s a recipe for anxiety. By the time they’re 17, 18, now they’re starting to get really anxious and they don’t know why.

Dr. Weitz:                   Yeah, this is somebody who’s undernourished and probably has a huge amount of nutritional deficiencies.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. And then because they feel that way, they’re not focusing well. And then guess what happens. They get put on medications for focus, ADHD medication.  What does that do? That ramps up the dopamine so they focus a little better, but now the anxiety’s getting worse, and now we’re in this cycle, and I tell you, and you see this pattern over and over, and I think to myself, “Gosh, we have to work on the underlying issues here. We can’t just keep this ongoing,” because now you have a young girl who’s otherwise healthy and is now being told you have anxiety and focus issues, and you have these diagnoses. Now they’re on a couple of medications for anxiety, and we haven’t fixed the underlying issues yet.

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. You were talking about the need for amino acids to be able to produce neurotransmitters. And of course, that could be one reason why some of these medications are not effective in some cases because you take a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which is supposed to keep serotonin around longer in the brain, but if the body doesn’t have the right precursors, amino acids and other nutrients to make the serotonin in the first place-

Dr. Bongiorno:            Absolutely.

Dr. Weitz:                   … it’s doomed to fail.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Right, absolutely. So then the question is is the person not taking them in or are they taking them in and the digestive tract isn’t absorbing them? If stomach acid is very low, you’ll see people with SIBO, small intestinal bowel overgrowth, their stomach enzymes are very low, their hydrochloric acid is low. They’re not really breaking down their protein. They might not even be chewing their food very well because they eat in a rush and they’re so anxious. And so, how is a person supposed to get enough protein digested for a good amino acid intake to make these neurotransmitters?

Dr. Weitz:                   Absolutely. And they may have H. pylori infection, and that’s usually associated with lower hydrochloric acid secretion. So maybe you can talk about the microbiome and its importance for the health.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. And the microbiome, so that’s the other side of the gut. So we have the stomach acid being produced in the upper gut and then down in the lower gut, we have … all these bacterias that are so important, and the microbiome and the microbiota is just such a key to keep in balance, to help produce neurotransmitters in the brain, to help keep inflammation balanced, to help process hormones in the gut. The liver, yes, processes a lot of hormones, but a lot of hormones get processed and get absorbed through the gut, and the microbiome has a lot to do with that. Plus the microbiome, that good bacteria also creates a lot of short-chain fatty acids, which has also a very important role in helping keep the brain in balance, too.

Dr. Weitz:                   And of course, to make sure you get enough amino acids, you’ve got to make sure you’re eating good quality protein.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. So yeah, protein is a key. And I tell my patients, especially first thing in the morning when your digestion is its strongest, it’s a really good idea, have a good breakfast, have good protein. But so many patients who come in, their cortisol levels are so high in the morning and they feel so awful. And I’ve been through it myself during a very stressful time where my cortisol levels are very high and I didn’t want to eat in the morning either. So I know exactly what that feels like. So it kind of sets up the day where you’re not eating in the morning, that your blood sugar is going to bounce around all day because you didn’t get the foods you needed first thing in the morning.

Dr. Weitz:                   And now, of course, a lot of people who are trying to promote their health are doing intermittent fasting, and a lot of them are instituting that by skipping breakfast.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. And for some people, it’s fine. If their blood sugar’s balanced and they’re getting their macronutrients in and their digestion’s good, then that could work for them because it does make sense. You give your liver a little bit of a break and it can clean out and do a little more in terms of detoxification. But for people who have that kind of blood sugar imbalance and their sugar gets really low, I do tell them the opposite. Usually using that example of the 17 year old with that OCD and anxiety, she probably needs less detoxification. She just needs more nourishment.  So for her, small frequent meals are better, but maybe for someone, let’s say a perimenopausal woman in her forties, maybe for her a little more intermittent fasting and detoxification would be good for her liver, might help balance her hormones. So there’s almost nothing that’s really good and bad anymore. It’s like, well, what’s going to be appropriate for an individual patient that’s going to really work for them? And that’s really the key.

Dr. Weitz:                   Personalized care, which is one of the keys to functional medicine. Yeah.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Absolutely. So yes, intermittent fasting could be very, very beneficial. It just depends who we’re using it for.

Dr. Weitz:                   Is coffee good or bad for mood disorders?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, so coffee could be pretty good. No, again, it depends on the person. So I always think about … My father’s going to be 90 and my mom’s going to be 86, right? They’re immigrants from Sicily. And my father can have four espressos and he’ll go right to bed and no problem. I don’t think he’s had a day of sleep problems in his life. My mother can drink decaf and be awake for two days. It depends on you. Some people, their liver, and now we know there’s certain genetic polymorphisms that will make us more or less able to process caffeine in a proper way through phase I of liver detoxification. And so, coffee has definitely been shown to be helpful in terms of cardiovascular health, in terms of liver health, it certainly gets the bowels moving in a natural non-addictive kind of way.  So I ask my patients, as long as the bowel movements aren’t too loose, as long as they don’t have a lot of anxiety or sleeping problems, then I think coffee’s good. I always make sure my coffee is organic because there are a lot of pesticides in coffee. And I do drink it black to make sure there’s no sugar, there’s no dairy in it. And so, for me, I feel like it’s healthy.

Dr. Weitz:                   Do you do the low mold coffee as well?

Dr. Bongiorno:            I haven’t gotten there yet. No.

Dr. Weitz:                   Me neither.

Dr. Bongiorno:            But look, it makes sense to me and especially for people who are sensitive, that might be a good idea. Look, I have patients, that’s something maybe in the beginning I might’ve said, “Oh, what’s the use of that?” But now I think about, I have patients who are celiac, if they use a shampoo that has gluten, their antibodies go up and I’ve seen it. So some people are that sensitive and they need that level of care, so yeah. So it might be a good idea for some people who are really mold sensitive.

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. What about alcohol?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Alcohol? Well, look, again, if you look at the literature, the studies keep bouncing up and down about how beneficial. We used to think that generally a little bit was fine and beneficial, and now it seems like it’s landing in such a way that for cancer, any amount of alcohol is not good, that any amount, depending on the person can help promote cancer. And that for heart disease, there doesn’t seem to be much benefit, but there might be a small benefit because alcohol is one of the few things that raises HDL levels.  So that’s my understanding right now. I also understand that alcohol has a relaxing effect for people, and I think that might have some benefit.

                                    Again, I’ll bring up my parents. I grew up, my parents always had a little bit of Manhattan before dinner, not enough to get drunk or even buzzed, but just a little bit. And when I think about that, I think now my father would come home from work. He worked hard all day. He was a bricklayer. My mom would be making dinner and you’d smell the food in the air. They would make the Manhattan with a little bit of bitters in it. They had the gentian bitters, they sip their Manhattan, they talk a little bit. They listened to some music. Then we sat down and we ate. Nobody does that anymore. So think about the role the alcohol played, it relaxed them. They got the bitters, the digestive juices were flowing. They smelled the food that they were cooking. That promotes good digestion. Those are just all things we’re not doing anymore.  So whether the alcohol is tremendously healthy for them, I’m not sure. But the overall ritual and effect I think was. And that’s what I think is missing in our lives today. We’re all so busy. We’re not sitting down having a little aperitif, cooking our food, smelling our food, our digestions getting ready, what do we do? We order food. We’re eating in the car. It’s a quick meal. “We got to go. Who’s got to go to practice?” And so, I think there’s a lot to be learned from the way we used to live.

Dr. Weitz:                   Absolutely. And herbal bitters is a great way to stimulate digestion.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Absolutely. So good to the liver.

Dr. Weitz:                   Stimulates pancreatic enzymes, stimulates hydrochloric acids, stimulates bile production.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. And the other thing it does is it helps promote our interest in non-sweet foods.

Dr. Weitz:                   Ah! Interesting.

Dr. Bongiorno:            We’re so used to sweet, sweet sweets, and a lot of us now don’t like bitter food because we’re so used to sweet because the primitive brain wants sugar because sugar, you pack fat and you make it through the winter. So if you have a winter where there isn’t enough food in a primitive world, you’re the one who’s going to live. So we’re so programmed for sugar, but the truth is the bitters are just so, like you’re saying, it has so many beneficial effects on our digestive system. And the more people can eat those bitters, the more they’re going to be inclined to eat more bitters and eat less sweet.

Dr. Weitz:                   How important is sleep and circadian rhythm?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. So sleep is basically the first chapter of all the books I write. Like I said, if we’re not sleeping and we’re not pooping, it’s hard to fix anything else. So no matter what any patient comes in with, it’s really important. I ask them about sleep and how they’re pooping. And if they’re not sleeping, then we want to work on that because sleep is where we detoxify. It’s where our mitochondria breakdown and build back up and build better mitochondria. It’s where our lymph system cleans out. It’s where our gut lining fixes itself. It’s where the liver fixes itself. It’s where the kidneys do most of their work because when we power down for the night, our body says, “Okay, now we can use our energy to do things we need to do for maintenance.” For years, nobody really understood why we slept, but now we know. We have all this great information and research teaching us why we need to sleep.

Dr. Weitz:                   Do you get into analyzing sleep? Do you have your patients use a Oura Ring or some other device to look at quality of sleep and REM and deep sleep and et cetera?

Dr. Bongiorno:            I do sometimes. Usually a good patient intake will tell me what’s going. I mean, a patient knows if they’re sleeping or not. A great question is when you wake up in the morning, do you feel rested? So oftentimes they know if they’re not sleeping. But yeah, I do think it helps and I find patients do like to see the data to see what their REM and non-REM sleep is, and if they’re getting into deep sleep long enough. So I do think it’s helpful. And I do find those things for the most part correlate with what we’re hearing clinically. I can’t say from my perspective it’s changed too much what we do, but I think it’s valuable. And I think if it helps a patient motivate to make the changes we need to make, then I’m all for it. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                   What about the role of exercise in helping them manage mood disorders?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. So exercise is definitely a key. If we’re not moving our body … One time somebody asked me the question, I had to think about it, “If you could only do one thing, exercise or eat well, which would it be?” And I had to think about that. And when I thought about it, I don’t even remember what I said as the answer, but when I thought about it over a couple of days, and I thought to myself, “Well, if I ate well and just sat in bed all day, I would die,” right?

Dr. Weitz:                   Right.

Dr. Bongiorno:            But if I ate crappy and moved my body, I think I had a chance. So now I’m starting to think, “Okay, well maybe exercise is more important.” I mean, neither is more important. We need both of them, obviously. But exercise, the point is that exercise is crucial and it’s absolutely important for mental health. There’s no question about it. When you get stressed out, you want to run. It’s fight or flight. You want to run, you need to move your body.   So when we have all these stress hormones and we’re not moving our body, what happens is these stress hormones affect our brain. And our brain starts to look around and our brain doesn’t realize that there isn’t a bear coming at us. Our brain just knows that there’s stress hormones up and that there’s something wrong. So if you have an average person who’s just going to work and doing the normal things of a day, but those stress hormones are high, now the brain is going to start conjuring things. And that’s where anxiety comes from and obsessive thoughts and impulsive and all these things come from because there’s something not right. The level of stress hormones in our body does not make sense with what our brain is seeing on the outside.

                                                And so, exercise is a brilliant way to try to equalize that while we’re working on the underlying reasons we are that stressed out. Exercise helps us build better mitochondria, which we need for our nervous system to work really well. Exercise. It’s interesting, there’s studies that show how exercise in the short term actually creates more gut permeability. While you’re exercising, there’s a little inflammation and you get this transient permeability. But people who exercise regularly, what’s been shown is they actually have less gut permeability because now the body reacts by healing it and creating a better gut. And we actually have better digestion as a result and less leaky gut.

                                                So many good reasons to exercise. There’s a study out of the University of Copenhagen that came out of a few years ago and showed that people who exercised moderately by running or some kind of cardio work, the men live 6.2 years longer. The women 5.6, something like that, years longer. I mean, if there was a drug that somebody could sell to you and say, “Hey, you spend $2 a day on this drug, you’ll live six years longer, no side effects, and you’ll feel better, wouldn’t you take it?

Dr. Weitz:                   Absolutely.

Dr. Bongiorno:            I would take it. I would take it. I would buy it.

Dr. Weitz:                   The longevity benefits of exercise are just so many, it’s incredible.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Unbelievable.

Dr. Weitz:                   Maintain bone density, as you mentioned before, maintaining your muscle mass, your balance, because as you get older, that’s crucial for longevity.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, it’s amazing. And you know what’s amazing to me too is that I never heard of that study in the media. No one ever mentioned it. I never saw it on the news. Five to six years live longer. Why wouldn’t somebody want to talk about that?

Dr. Weitz:                   Well, because there’s no pharmaceutical company that patented exercise and hired a PR firm to get the word out about it.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, it’s just not right. I don’t know what else to say about that.

Dr. Weitz:                   No, I know. It’s incredible.

Dr. Bongiorno:            It’s why we have a job, right? I mean, in a way, that’s it.

Dr. Weitz:                   Yeah. No, absolutely. It’s good they did the study though, because not enough research is being done on nutrition and exercise and these natural things because it’s not easy to make a lot of money out of it. And that’s who’s paying for most of the research.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Right. And a lot of the studies we see on natural medicines come from other countries because there are other governments who at least see some value in it, and the money’s put in. And if you notice, very few actually come from the United States because it’s just not a priority.

Dr. Weitz:                   No, I know. It’s amazing. I interviewed Dr. Terry Wahls, and you probably know about her.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, of course.

Dr. Weitz:                   Her story’s incredible reversing MS, and almost all the money coming for her research studies is coming from private donors.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Right, exactly. Yeah. People who care and are interested in making a difference. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                   Because the NIH is just not really funding a lot of that type of research on using diet and exercise and natural methods for combating chronic degenerative diseases.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Right. That’s right. Yeah.

Dr. Weitz:                   So what about in today’s world with electronics and social media? Is that something you address with patients with mood disorders?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, absolutely. Especially patients with focus issues and attention issues, and especially younger people. I mean, these bright screens, and, I mean, look at what I’m doing right now. It’s 10:18 in New York, and I’m staring at a bright blue light screen. I mean, yeah. We’re laughing, but that’s the truth, right?

Dr. Weitz:                   Yeah. No, absolutely.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Right now my melatonin wants to come up, but it can’t because I’m doing [inaudible 00:44:28]. And yeah. And that’s an issue. Plus a lot of screens there’s a lot of fast moving things. When you take kids out into nature, nature’s very slow. It doesn’t move the way a video game moves. And so, they start to get anxious about it because they’re waiting for the next dopamine hit because that’s really what it is. It’s getting addicted to dopamine and producing dopamine quickly, and it feels really good. And then when it goes away, things don’t seem as fun. Things seem bored, and then you kind of looking around for the next dopamine hit, and that’s the problem. And some kids are more susceptible than others. There are some kids, there’s interesting studies during the pandemic that showed how kids, because they had to isolate and be home, that that isolation and having to do things virtually really affected young women very heavily. And they tended to get more depressed and a lot more anxious.

                                                They found for young boys, too much was no good as well, but they found that some was actually more helpful and that some of the gaming and stuff actually kind of kept them up enough where otherwise they wouldn’t have been. So every kid is different, and certainly gender can affect it as well, but there’s no question that we’re all doing too much screen time and that’s not great for our brain.

Dr. Weitz:                   And you mentioned going out in the forest. Forest bathing is a wonderful therapy.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. Yeah, I talk about that in my books, too. It’s called shinrin-yoku, right?

Dr. Weitz:                   Yep.

Dr. Bongiorno:            And that the forest itself, the trees actually emit something called phytoncides, and that we breathe them in, it gets into our bloodstream, and it affects our nervous system in a very healthy way. It’s very calming. Inflammatory markers go down. Yeah. I mean, we’re made to be in nature.  I remember when I was in naturopathic school, one of the advice, Dr. Mitchell, one of the founders of Bastyr University, used to tell us, he used to say, “I want you to go outside and just find your favorite tree and sit and look at it, talk to it, listen to it, get to know it.” And it’s really powerful. If you’ve never tried it, sit with a tree and just talk to it a little bit and listen to what it has to say. It’s pretty interesting.

Dr. Weitz:                   Cool. So let’s go into lab testing. Tell us about what kinds of labs you like to run with your patients with mood disorders?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. So I’m a big fan of running labs. I think there’s so many, for mental health, like we were talking about earlier, there’s so many factors involved in why someone’s mood might not be right, whether it’s anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder. There’s so many possibilities. And so, we want to run some labs to figure out what we need to work on. So there’s some basics that I like to run with everybody, like a CBC, blood sugar, insulin, A1c, a full thyroid panel with antibodies, vitamin D and iron panels, critical and ferritin for iron storage. And then looking at some of the vitamins, magnesium, zinc, zinc-to-copper ratio, B12. Sometimes you can’t run everything on everybody because it’s just too many vials. But what you can do is get a really good history and then start to narrow down.

                                                And then usually depending on the patient, I’ll run hormonal tests. I’ll run tests to look at cortisol and adrenal function, take a look at melatonin levels, glutathione levels, mycotoxin testing could be very important as well. And then looking at stool testing in some patients, too. Looking at the microbiome a little further. Sometimes if I hear some basics are very off, again, we were talking about that 17-year-old girl with anxiety and OCD, if there’s some basics that just aren’t there, then sometimes I won’t run a lot of testing because we know we need to get those basics in. Maybe a person needs to get to bed earlier, they need to start moving their body, they need to eat green vegetables, make sure they’re getting essential fats in their body. So if there are a lot of basics not there, then sometimes it’s not worth running a lot of tests because we know we have to get these in, and then if they’re not better, then we could also run additional testing, too. So everybody’s different.

Dr. Weitz:                   What are some of the favorite lab testing companies you like to use? Do you send patients to Labcorp and Quest, or do you use-

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, I mean, I use, if we can work through their insurance and Labcorp and Quest usually that gets the job done for a lot of the basic blood work. There are a couple of specialty labs I tend to rely on. I do the Dutch panel, which is very good, but Genova also has some very good adrenal testing, too.  I love Diagnostic Solutions Laboratory.  I think they do a good job, especially with the genetics and using the Opus23-powered genetic profiles.  So that’s very helpful, too.  The GI-MAP testing is excellent.  RealTime Labs has their mycotoxin testing. Dr. Campbell has their mycotoxin. I think they all have benefits as well. So, yeah. So there’s a number of different good ones out there. Those are probably the ones I tend to use and rely on the most.

Dr. Weitz:                   For nutrients, are you running serum levels?  Are you doing some of the specialty micronutrient testing?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, I don’t do too much of those. Not that I don’t believe in them, but just that there’s already so many tests. And usually with a blood panel, it’s almost like you can’t run them all. But I get an idea from the ones we do run, and then we just make sure we cover them all with our intake. And as long as I think somebody’s absorbing, then we’ll do, but I could see some benefits of running specialty labs as well.

Dr. Weitz:                   Give us some insights on some of those labs that are helpful in how you approach patients.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. So you have somebody who can come in who could be very fatigued, and there are people who have very high cortisol, and that could fatigue them because when cortisol’s very high, it bathes the brain. And especially if DHEA is low, then you’ll see a brain that people feel really tired and almost like this kind of floaty effect at the same time. And then you have other people that are tired and their adrenals are just flat. They’re not making any cortisol, and they can have very similar clinical presentation. So running a test that looks at adrenal function, looks at cortisol could be very, very helpful because it can differentiate between those two things.

Dr. Weitz:                   That’s really interesting because we typically think of cortisol being high as the person has trouble sleeping and they’re overstimulated rather than showing fatigue.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. And I would say the majority of the time that’s true, but not all the time. So that’s why the tests are so nice. And then, yeah, for nighttime, when people aren’t sleeping, it is nice to see, is cortisol super high at night and is that the problem? Or is cortisol really normal, but they’re not making enough melatonin, or maybe they’re making enough melatonin and their cortisol is normal and it’s completely something else. So that helps differentiate. And what I’ve noticed is it kind of gets me there a little faster to help create a treatment plan that’s effective. So that’s why I like using tests like that because it can help to differentiate

Dr. Weitz:                   And hormones. Do you sometimes recommend hormones when their hormones are low?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, absolutely. I mean, hormones from pregnenolone, which helps make both cortisol and progesterone through one pathway and DHEA and testosterone, and then into estrogen in another pathway, all of those different steroidal compounds will affect the brain and the receptors that the brain makes for neurotransmitters and the metabolism of the neurotransmitters themselves. So for example, if a woman or a man has low estrogen, that’s going to affect their production of serotonin and affect the ability of the serotonin receptors to be produced, too. So yeah, we’d want to look at that.

                                                Testosterone, of course, is very important as well. In fact, I wanted to talk to Steve about that. Steve, there’s one test. We were talking about lavender and testosterone. They did this test on animals. I’ll have to pull it up, but I remembered while you were talking that they looked at, I think it was rats who were given formaldehyde poisoning to affect their liver and their testes, and they found that these rats that were treated with the formaldehyde, testosterone levels went down. But when they were given lavender, it actually protected the testicles and they didn’t see the decreases in testosterone so I thought that was kind of interesting.

Dr. Weitz:                   Really, really interesting. Yeah.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Something to think about.

Dr. Weitz:                   So you mentioned men with low estrogen that they can have trouble making serotonin. How do you address that?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, so men have have actually more estrogen in their brain than women does. So estrogen’s important, and that’s why the panels look at estrogen in men. We don’t see progesterone in those panels. We use the estrogen.

Dr. Weitz:                   So what do you do with men with low estrogen?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Well, so the next thing you want to check is are they making testosterone because testosterone gets made into estrogen. So sometimes if that’s low or really flagging, then that could be a reason. And then you want to look down the line. Are they making DHEA? Are they making pregnenolone? Are they making cholesterol? Cholesterol’s the first one that everything else is made from.

Dr. Weitz:                   Or are they taking heavy statins and trying to get their cholesterol as low as possible.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Exactly. Right. That could be an issue. It could be an issue that they don’t have enough fat tissue, that maybe they need … It’s not common, but sometimes that happens, too. So we see that as well.

Dr. Weitz:                   So you’re saying your body fat is too low?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Possibly. Yeah, possibly. So not common, but it’s possible. So then-

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. So then-

Dr. Bongiorno:            I’m sorry. Go ahead.

Dr. Weitz:                   No, I was going to say let’s go into supplements that are beneficial for depression and anxiety. And I wanted to maybe start with NAC. I was going through some of the literature, and there’s amazing research on NAC. There’s studies showing it can be used as an acute intervention for patients who are suicidal. It can be effective for severe depression, not just mild or moderate.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. Also for bipolar, there’s strong research for bipolar, for trichotillomania, which is hair pulling, which is basically an obsessive kind of [inaudible 00:56:09]-

Dr. Weitz:                   What was that term?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Trichotillomania.

Dr. Weitz:                   Great word.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, that’s the word of the day, trichotillomania. And so yeah, no, NAC, N-acetyl cysteine, it’s a precursor for glutathione, basically. And in its own right, it’s a very good mucolytic. So the perfect patient is someone who has some mood issues and are all stuffed up all the time. So maybe we get them off of dairy, do some nasal rinses, and take some NAC for all of that, and it could be very helpful. Yeah, I love N-acetyl cysteine, and unfortunately, it’s something that’s been threatened on and off for the past couple of years to be taken off the shelves.

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. Yes. Yeah. Apparently what happened is that it was originally studied as a drug.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Mm-hmm. That’s right.

Dr. Weitz:                   So there was some thought that the FDA might ban it because of that, and so Amazon stopped selling it, but it’s still being made and it’s still being sold.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. Interestingly, Amazon doesn’t also sell CBD, right?

Dr. Weitz:                   Oh, really?

Dr. Bongiorno:            You can’t even get CBD on Amazon. And I noticed also Fullscript doesn’t sell, Amazon doesn’t sell CBD as well.

Dr. Weitz:                   Really?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, yeah. Try to get it on those. You’re not going to find it.

Dr. Weitz:                   Oh, interesting.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. So, there’s still some-

Dr. Weitz:                   [inaudible 00:57:40].

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. Well, it seems like there’s still-

Dr. Weitz:                   Is it the marijuana thing, you mean?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, I think there’s still some residual regulatory issues about that. I know of cases where PayPal, when people have stores, practitioners have stores, PayPal will shut it down if they’re selling CBD. So there’s still a lot of things like that going on.

Dr. Weitz:                   Oh, wow.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. We’re not there yet. But that’s an interesting thing too, because we see all this legalization of marijuana, which I’m not necessarily against, but I think the powers that be should have really taken a look at the literature and shown that people who take marijuana every day, especially young people before the age of 25, 26, when the nervous system and the brain is fully formed, it really does affect in a negative way things like the HPA axis. And I do wish, even though I think marijuana clearly has medicinal use along with CBD, I think it should have been regulated to be legal after that age, because I’m very worried about people. I have a daughter who’s 15. In a couple years, she’s going to go to college, and most likely the college she goes to, marijuana is going to be legal for her age. And I really am very concerned about kids and young people using marijuana every day.  And the problem is now marijuana is not the marijuana from the ’60s. It wasn’t like, oh, indica or sativa and sativa’s a little bit stronger. Now. It’s this very, very high THC content, low CBD content. So now we’re getting something that we’re seeing, I’m seeing it now in my practice, a lot more cannabis overuse syndrome, because people are smoking what they think is reasonable amounts, and now they’re getting addicted to it, and now they’re starting to get these syndromes, these cyclic vomiting issues, these digestive. So this is something that’s coming, and it’s going to be a big concern, too. So something that I think has a lot of benefit can also be an issue.

Dr. Weitz:                   Interesting. So what is some of the other most impactful supplements for mood disorders?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Oh, yeah. Sorry. I got sidetracked.

Dr. Weitz:                   That’s okay.

Dr. Bongiorno:            So if you look at the literature and you say, “Okay, just from meta-analysis,” for example, probably the top ones are St. John’s wort, SAMe, curcumin, and I would say Rhodiola, St. John’s wort, Hypericum, is probably the most studied herb of all time. There are meta-analysis of meta-analysis now on St. John’s wort, meaning that meta-analysis is a study of studies. Now, there’s studies of the studies of studies, and so thousands and thousands and thousands of people, and what’s been shown is that St. John’s wort clearly for mild to moderate depression works just as well as SSRIs with less side effects. So we want to be careful with St. John’s wort because if people are on a number of drugs, it can affect the activity of those drugs through the liver. It affects the cytochrome system. So you always have to be a little more careful with St. John’s wort than maybe a few other things because of that processing issue.

                                                But there’s studies that also show, for example, if people are taking Plavix, which is a drug for blood clouding to help protect the cardiovascular system, what they’ve shown is that when people take Plavix and can’t take more because of side effects, and they take some St. John’s wort, they can actually get the effect they need from the Plavix without having to increase the drug. So as much as we’re worried about negative interactions, we need to study more of these positive interactions because now we know there’s benefit there.

Dr. Weitz:                   Exactly. So I’m assuming it’s inhibiting part of the cytochrome P450 liver detox.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Exactly. Yep, exactly. And sometimes we can use that to our advantage.

Dr. Weitz:                   Absolutely.

Dr. Bongiorno:            As long as we know the medications patients are taking, how the drugs work, how the cytochrome system works, then we can make actually good decisions and use them together.

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. You can use grapefruit juice also as a way to modulate.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Exactly. Very strong. Yep.

Dr. Weitz:                   Yeah. Fish oil.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Fish oil, yeah. I mean, absolute favorite. No question about it. Studies keep coming out about fish oil. Fish oil just supports healthy cell membranes, and when you have a healthy cell membrane, you’re going to be able to get nutrients in a cell, you’re going to be able to get toxins out of a cell. You’re going to get tempered, balanced immune reactions because a cell membrane breaks when immune reactions need to happen. And that keeps it a much more tempered immune system.  Probably about a year and a half or two. Yeah, it’s probably two Augusts ago, so over two years ago now. There’s a study that came out in, I forget which journal, I apologize. One of the psychiatry journals showing how in patients who are treatment resistant to antidepressants, when they take fish oil, then the antidepressants work better. Which also made me wonder, did they need the antidepressant or did they were really just low in fish oil?  Actually, one of the tests I probably started using more and more in the past couple of years is an omega check, a fish oil, basically looking at essential fatty acids in the bloodstream. And that’s very helpful to see.

Dr. Weitz:                   Yeah. So what were those herbs you mentioned besides St. John’s wort that you said? [inaudible 01:03:37].

Dr. Bongiorno:            Oh, yeah. So the other ones I think are pretty clear from a meta-analysis standpoint, showing benefits at least as equal as the medications. And I want to qualify that because I said earlier that medications for depression work maybe 25 to 35% of the time for depression. So I’m not even suggesting that the supplements work better. They work probably around the same. So it still tells us we have a lot of other work to do. But I would say, someone with mild to moderate depression who isn’t at risk of hurting themselves or someone else, why would we start with a medication with more side effects? Why not start with something more natural to the body that can work just as well with less side effects?

Dr. Weitz:                   So yes, SAMe, which is S-adenosyl-L-methionine, can help the body move some of the cycles that help create better neurotransmitters, especially if people have poor methylation. Sometimes we’ll see people with things like high homocysteine and they have MTHFR polymorphism and we know maybe if we support the methylation with things like SAMe, you need methylation even to make CoQ10. It’s hard to make proper amounts of CoQ10 without that. So that’s a very good choice for some patients.

Dr. Weitz:                   And then of course, methylated B vitamins to go along with that.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. And in the right patients, methylated B vitamins can be very helpful, too, to help move those as well and lower the homocysteine. And then I mentioned Rhodiola. Rhodiola has a rich history starting in Russia when it was first studied, and that definitely is something that can be very, very helpful. It’s considered a natural COMT inhibitor. COMT is one of the genes that’s important for how we break down neurotransmitters. So sometimes people who are very depressed, you can use Rhodiola as a way to help keep neurotransmitters at a higher level. So it’s very supportive that way.  And then curcumin. There’s forms of curcumin that have been studied that have very good antidepressant quality and that makes sense because it’s a very potent anti-inflammatory. But there’s a fellow named Aggarwal who’s done a lot of studies on curcumin and he shows that there’s so many more mechanisms than just the pure anti-inflammatory effect that creates some of the benefits.

Dr. Weitz:                   Yeah, curcumin’s an amazing herb. I’ve seen some of the anti-cancer effects and one doctor showed a chart that showed just affecting 20-

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, exactly.

Dr. Weitz:                   … different pathways that all potentially could decrease your risk for cancer growth.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, absolutely. Yeah, it might’ve been that same fellow. I don’t know because I know he’s someone who’s studied at a high level and it’s just amazing. And I remember him saying in this conference, it was a number of years ago, he said, “There’s no drug that did this, and if there was a drug, it would be an absolute blockbuster cancer drug.”

Dr. Weitz:                   Right.

Dr. Bongiorno:            So I remember those words.

Dr. Weitz:                   Yeah. What about saffron? Steve mentioned saffron. That seems to be a newer herb that seems to have some benefits.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Mm-hmm. Yeah, it’s interesting. A number of years ago I did some formulations for Douglas Labs and the formula I created was actually the first formula for mood to have saffron in it. So it’s something I’ve been interested in for many years. I first caught wind of it when I was looking for something to help patients who had libido issues with SSRI drugs, and, albeit small, there are studies in men and women that show benefits for libido when they’re taking SSRIs. So sometimes I have a patient either can’t get off a medication or really don’t want to, but they want help with libido and there’s some research there. I mean, of course we want to work on all the other underlying factors that contributed to libido, but when you see that clear SSRI-induced change in libido, that’s a reasonable choice to try.

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. Lithium, I know you wrote a paper about lithium.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, so lithium orotate also known as nutritional lithium, so not lithium carbamate the drug. Is it just very small amounts, milligrams, usually between five and 20 milligrams is helpful. I use it to help people with typically anxiousness, impulsivity, even in children, a milligram, two milligrams up to five can be helpful, too. And it’s known as a way to just help calm the amygdala, help calm that fear center of the brain, help it work better. You can check it with hair analyses and see if levels are low or just start on low levels. I personally have never seen it affect kidney function or thyroid function the way the drug does. I think it’s still a good idea to check those before and during just to make sure. But I’ve been using it for years and I haven’t seen any issues like that, thank goodness.

                                                In fact, I was on a group today, I was teaching nurse practitioners and functional psychiatrists, and one of the fellows, I think it was a psychiatrist, had told me that he saw somebody go up to 30 milligrams and do quite well with it with no issues as well. So I hadn’t actually used it at that high. Usually I don’t go past 20, but he said 30 milligrams wasn’t a problem, at least in the one patient he saw. So yeah, definitely very, very helpful. I actually like combining it with CBD. I find they work really nicely together. So supporting the endocannabinoid system, calming the amygdala seems very helpful.

Dr. Weitz:                   And then there’s specific amino acids and other nutrients to help support the various neurotransmitters. So we have 5-HTP, we have Mucuna for L-dopa, we have GABA. What about some of those supplements?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah, I mean, if you hear that when patients tell you that, “Oh, I took a drug, it raises dopamine like Wellbutrin,” for example, which is very good at raising things like dopamine, then yeah, then it makes sense. Well, why not support the dopamine pathways more naturally if we can? And Mucuna, which is a natural amount of low levels of L-dopa can be useful along with some tyrosine, which helps support the pathway to make dopamine. Of course, we always want the co-factors in there. We want vitamin B6, vitamin D levels, zinc levels appropriate as well, because those are going to be really important for the body’s ability to use those materials to make the eventual neurotransmitters, too.

                                                But yeah, those are great, 5-HTP to support serotonin. Sometimes I use tryptophan, sometimes I’ll use 5-HTP. I find tryptophan helps people stay asleep better at night, so sometimes I’ll use tryptophan at night, but 5-HTP during the day. I know some practitioners from a theoretical standpoint feel that if there’s a lot of inflammation and they’re going through that quinolinic acid pathway, then maybe 5-HTP is a better choice. I find this really interesting, even though theoretically and it makes sense. I’ve seen in practice that hasn’t necessarily affected it, so I just try to use what’s best and what I think is working for a patient.

Dr. Weitz:                   Interesting. Which company do you get the tryptophan from?

Dr. Bongiorno:            I’ve been using tryptophan from Douglas Labs typically. Yeah. They have a little bit of B6 in there, so it’s nice if a patient isn’t taking B6 or doesn’t have enough level, then that’s helpful.

Dr. Weitz:                   Okay, good. Yeah. I think most of the functional medicine supplement, professional supplement companies are carrying 5-HTP, but not so much tryptophan.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Right? Yeah. I know tryptophan’s a little bit old, but I don’t know. They took=

Dr. Weitz:                   Well, you took it off the market.

Dr. Bongiorno:            I’m a little bit old. Well, that was a mistake. That was purely because the company had introduced the bacteria there. In fact, it was interesting. When I did research when I was in my twenties, right out of college at the National Institutes of Health was, it was like this sort of predoctoral fellowship, and there was a doc in one of the labs I worked in. Her name was Esther Sternberg, and she was actually one of the people who testified because she was a well-known tryptophan researcher. So they brought her in to talk about tryptophan. And so, she was one of the people that helped them understand that tryptophan itself doesn’t cause eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, this EMS, which about 30 or 40 people unfortunately die from. But it was actually just the bacteria that was introduced by the company who I guess shouldn’t have been making that they didn’t know exactly what they were doing.

Dr. Weitz:                   Right. Okay.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Yeah. Very unfortunate.

Dr. Weitz:                   Excellent. Any final thoughts you want to leave us with?

Dr. Bongiorno:            No. Well, what I would say is if you’re listening out there and you have mood issues, and I know what they feel like because I’ve had some myself and I’ve been through a little bit, unfortunately, too. When you’re going through it, it just feels like nothing can help you. It almost feels like this monster from the outside who just comes and goes as he or she pleases and doesn’t let you live the life you want to live. It’s always worth looking for a practitioner who will sit and listen to you and help look at these underlying issues. And I can tell you that there are things that can be done and it’s always worth searching for them. And of course, if for at any time you feel like you want to hurt yourself or something, please call a loved one. There’s wonderful hotlines, people who really want to listen and who care and who are there to help.

Dr. Weitz:                   Anybody on the call right now who wants to ask Peter a question, you feel free to unmute yourself or type it into the chat box. Okay. And then how can folks who listen to this get ahold of you?

Dr. Bongiorno:            Oh, yeah. Thank you. So yeah, so my website is drpeterbongiorno.com. That’s D-R-P-E-T-E-R-B-O-N-G-I-O-R-N-O dot com. It’s a very long name, drpeterbongiorno.com. Yeah, so feel free to. All my contact information is there.

Dr. Weitz:                   Excellent. Thank you so much.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Oh, thank you. And thank you for all the work you do and just having me on. And it’s really an honor and I appreciate everything you’re doing, all the good information you’re putting out there.

Dr. Weitz:                   Thank you, thank you.

Dr. Bongiorno:            Thank you, Dr. Ben.

 


 

Dr. Weitz:                   Thank you for making it all the way through this episode of the Rational Wellness Podcast. For those of you who enjoy listening to the Rational Wellness Podcast, I would certainly appreciate it if you could go to Apple Podcasts or Spotify and give us a five star ratings and review. That way, more people will discover the Rational Wellness Podcast. And I wanted to let everybody know that I do have some openings for new patients so I can see you for a functional medicine consultation for specific health issues like gut problems, autoimmune diseases, cardiometabolic conditions, or for an executive health screen, and to help you promote longevity and take a deeper dive into some of those factors that can lead to chronic diseases along the way. And that usually means we’re going to do some more detailed lab work, stool testing, sometimes urine testing, and we’re going to look at a lot more details to get a better picture of your overall health from a preventative functional medicine perspective.  So if you’re interested, please call my Santa Monica Weitz Sports Chiropractic and Nutrition office at 310-395-3111, and we can set you up for a new consultation for functional medicine. I’ll talk to everybody next week.